Quantifying emissions from cold chain transport of apples to and within Norway.

Norway imports a significant share of its fruits and vegetables, contributing to transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study maps the cold chain transportation networks of imported and domestic apples in Norway, assessing CO₂e emissions from the point of export to individual supermarkets. It represents the most detailed analysis of its kind, tracing the journey from specific export locations through main and regional warehouses to retail outlets across the country. The Norwegian food market is dominated by three major retail chains, each operating its own distribution system, often supported by a central third-party importer. Most transport relies on trucks, which raises sustainability concerns due to fossil fuel use and potential refrigerant leakage. The coexistence of main and regional warehouses increases transport frequency and energy consumption, particularly for perishable goods like apples. Improving transparency across supply chains is essential to optimise energy use, reduce food loss, and lower emissions. By improving cooling technologies, reform transport logistics, and integrating innovative sustainability practices, Norway’s food sector can address growing cooling demands while advancing toward reduced carbon footprints. On average, refrigerated transport of apples in Norway emits 0.166 kg CO₂e per kilogram. Of this, 0.161 kg CO₂e/kg stems from transport, 0.003 kg CO₂e/kg from refrigerant leakage, and 0.001 kg CO₂e/kg from the refrigeration process. Under current assumptions and with the use of modern refrigerants, leakage accounts for approximately 2 % of total emissions. These findings highlight the importance of targeted interventions in transport and refrigeration to support more sustainable food systems