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Loss analysis and performance optimization of high-efficiency G-M type pulse tube cryocoolers operating at liquid helium temperatures.

Author(s) : LI R., WANG H., ZHANG K., ZHAO Q., ZHANG Q., WU M., WANG B., JIN T., GAN Z.

Type of article: IJR article

Summary

Gifford–McMahon type pulse tube cryocoolers operating at liquid helium temperatures (LHe-PTCs) are essential for superconducting technologies, quantum computing, and scientific instruments. With the development of quantum computing and large-scale energy systems, higher demands are placed on both the cooling capacity and efficiency of LHe-PTCs. However, the relative Carnot efficiency (rCOP) at 4.2 K has shown little improvement over the past three decades, indicating the need for further optimization. In this work, a numerical model was developed to investigate the effects of second-stage regenerator materials and operating parameters on cooling performance and loss mechanisms. The simulation results indicate that the optimal second-stage regenerator proportions is 50% Pb, 20% HoCu₂, and 30% Gd₂O₂S. Increasing the operating pressure enhances the hot-end acoustic power of the first-stage regenerator, thereby improving the cooling capacity. The operating frequency significantly affects the compressor mass flow rate and internal losses. Guided by the numerical analysis, an LHe-PTC prototype was developed. The optimal operating pressure and frequency are 1.85 MPa and 1.3 Hz, respectively. With an input power of 11.1 kW, the cryocooler simultaneously delivers cooling powers of 53.5 W at 45.0 K and 2.1 W at 4.20 K. The experimental results agree well with the simulations, with deviations within 5%. The rCOP reaches 1.33%, and the figure of merit (FOM) is 4.11%, representing a leading level among LHe-PTCs with comparable cooling capacities. This work provides guidance for the design of high-capacity, highefficiency LHe-PTCs for advanced energy applications.

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Details

  • Original title: Loss analysis and performance optimization of high-efficiency G-M type pulse tube cryocoolers operating at liquid helium temperatures.
  • Record ID : 30034904
  • Languages: English
  • Subject: Technology
  • Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 186
  • Publication date: 2026/06
  • DOI: http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.106913

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