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IIR document

CO2 cooling for particle detectors: experiences from the CMS and ATLAS detector systems at the LHC, and prospects for future upgrades.

• Author(s) : BORTOLIN C., CRESPO-LOPEZ O., DAGUIN J., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Semiconductor, Cooling, R744, Particle, Detector, CO2, Accelerator
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Aspirating smoke detectors in cold store and freezer environment.

• Author(s) : BOTHA K.
• Publication date: 2016/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Generality, Safety, Cold store, Detector, Smoke, Freezer
• Source: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal - vol. 19 - n. 6
• Formats : PDF

Development of interconnected silicon micro-evaporators for the on-detector electronics cooling of the future ITS detector in the ALICE experiment at LHC.

• Author(s) : FRANCESCON A., ROMAGNOLI G., MAPELLI A., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/01/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal analysis, Microchannel, Cooling, Silicon, Particle, Evaporator, Detector, Accelerator
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 93

IIR document

The ICARUS T600 liquid argon detector operation in the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory.

• Author(s) : VIGNOLI C.
• Publication date: 2014/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Operation, Argon, Commissioning, Liquefied gas, Italy, Detector
• Source: Cryogenics 2014. Proceedings of the 13^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 7-11, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A semi-empirical model for preheater design to trigger CO2 boiling for detector cooling.

• Author(s) : BALDINELLI G., FRENCH T., BIANCHI F., DAGUIN J., ONNELA A., TROPEA P.
• Publication date: 2021/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2, R744, Boiling, Heating, Cooling, Particle detector, Modelling
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 128
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Performance analysis of four-stage thermoelectric cooler for focal plane infrared detectors.

• Author(s) : SUN Y., ZHOU L., MENG F., WANG Z.
• Publication date: 2024/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermoelectric cooling, Infrared, Detector, Model, Optimization, Multistage system, Performance, COP
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 165
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Problems in design of cooling systems for particle detectors and relevant electronics.

• Author(s) : VACEK V., DOUBEK M.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Particle detector, Electronics, Design, Air cooler, Cooling, Refrigerant, Heat exchanger
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Evaluation of leak detectors for flammable refrigerants (AHRTI #9014).

• Author(s) : ZHENG J., ELBEL S.
• Publication date: 2021/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R32, Standard, Detector, Low GWP, Flammability, Leakage, Modelling, Test room, Sensor, Expérimentation, Safety, Refrigerant
• Source: 2021 Purdue Conferences. 18^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

CO2 refrigeration for the detectors at CERN. Reliability and energy efficiency.

• Author(s) : PARDINAS A., BLUST S., VERLAAT B., HAFNER A.
• Publication date: 2020/11/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2, Particle detector, R744, Compression system, Heat rejection, Silicon, Cell, Cooling, Modelling
• Source: X Congreso Ibérico y VIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2020.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

The cryogenic and purification systems of the ICARUS T600 detector installation at Fermilab.

• Author(s) : GEYNISMAN M., BREMER J., CHALIFOUR M., DOUBNIK R., DINNON M., FABRE C., JAMES C., MONTANARI C., NICHOLS T., NORRIS B., PIETROPAOLO F., SARYCHEV M., SCHWARTZ F., VIGNOLI C., WILSON P., ZUCKERBROT M.
• Publication date: 2021/10/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryostat, Argon, Nitrogen, Cryogenics, Purification, Condensation, Detector, Liquefied gas, Expérimentation
• Source: Cryogenics 2021 online. Proceedings of the 16^th IIR International Conference, October 5-7, 2021.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Development of pumped CO2 systems for the upgrade detector cooling at CERN.

• Author(s) : VERLAAT B., PETAGNA P., ZWALINSKI L., DAGUIN J., GIAKOUMI D., BHANOT V., COLLOT J., LATIL S., POSTEMA H., TROPEA P., DAVOINE L., FERNANDEZ GARCIA M., HULEK W., SCHMID D.
• Publication date: 2020/12/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2, Cooling, Transcritical cycle, Prototype, Simulation, Industrial application, R744, Particle detector
• Source: 14^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2020). Proceedings. Kyoto, Japon, December 7-9^th 2020.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A numerical cool-down analysis for Dewar-detector assemblies cooled with Joule-Thomson cryocoolers.

• Author(s) : TZABAR N., KAPLANSKY A.
• Publication date: 2014/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Joule-Thomson, Infrared, Heat transfer, Cooling, Dewar, Detector, Cryocooler, Cryogenics
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 44
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Krypton, applied as refrigerant for cooling of silicon detector trackers.

• Author(s) : CONTIERO L., BARROCA P., HAFNER A., VERLAAT B., PETAGNA P., BANASIAK K.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Krypton, Thermodynamic property, Natural refrigerant, Low temperature, Hybrid system, Thermodynamic cycle, CO2, R744, Particle detector
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Concept design of cryogenic system of the SPD-detector for NICA project in Dubna.

• Author(s) : MAMEDOV V., ARKHAROV I., NAVASARDYAN E.
• Publication date: 2021/10/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Superconduction, Cryogenics, Low temperature, Accelerator, Design, Comparison, Superconducting magnet, Particle detector
• Source: Cryogenics 2021 online. Proceedings of the 16^th IIR International Conference, October 5-7, 2021.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Development of cryogenic cooling system for the superconducting dipole magnet of the CBM detector.

• Author(s) : BRAGIN A. V., KHOLOPOV M. A., MEZENTSEV N. A., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/05/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Superconduction, Superconducting coil, Particle detector, Germany, Magnet, Case study, Magnetic field
• Source: Cryogenics 2019. Proceedings of the 15^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 8-11, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

ICR2011 highlights: cooling particle detectors

Cooling systems for particle detectors attracted interest at the IIR’s Congress in Prague in August 2011. These highly specific applications have very strict requirements compared with standard cooling systems: refrigerants should be resistant to...

• Publication date : 2012/02/21

Spacewalkers replace the cooling pumps of the ISS cosmic particle detector

Two astronauts just finished successfully repairing the cooling pumps of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer fitted to the International Space Station.

• Publication date : 2020/02/06

Scientists develop a chip to detect Legionelia very quickly

Researchers at the Technical University of Munich claim to have developed a test for quick detection of Legionella bacteria.

• Publication date : 2018/04/09

The LHC transition to transcritical CO2 cooling technologies

A new generation of CO2 cooling for a new generation of LHC silicon detectors: a CO2 booster / CO2 evaporative (pumped) system will be adopted to cool the newly designed silicon...

• Publication date : 2021/09/07
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Gas leak detection technologies

Bacharach, a manufacturer of refrigerant and gas leak detectors, recently extended its gas detectors by two HFOs. The company also produces leak detectors for CO2 systems.

• Publication date : 2018/01/16

A new leak detection system for flammable refrigerants

A team of researchers has recently developed and tested a leak detection system for small equipment working with R290. Using ultrasound, it detects leaks effectively and at a lower cost than conventional...

• Publication date : 2023/12/20
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

France: A study on leak detection systems

A study focuses on two ways to detect refrigerant leaks: gas detectors and expert systems.

• Publication date : 2017/04/19
• Subjects: Regulation

Unprecedented images from the centre of our galaxy

The James Webb Space Telescope shows images of the centre of the Milky Way, thanks to its state-of-the-art infrared detectors, which need to be cryogenically cooled to operate...

• Publication date : 2024/01/05
• Subjects: Technology

CERN milestone

CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research and a corporate member of the IIR, has announced that an important milestone was reached in August 2005 with the installation of the two largest magnets ever built for experiments at CERN. On...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

New cryogenic refrigerator to deep-freeze chips

Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed a compact, solid-state refrigerator capable of reaching very low temperatures (as low as 100 milliKelvin). The refrigerator works using a "sandwich" of normal-...

• Publication date : 2004/05/25

Cryogenic applications: Cooling largest outer-space telescope

In his presentation on cryogenics applications at the IIR-AFF centenary conference in Paris (see Focus), Philippe Lebrun, President of the IIR's Section A, mentioned cryogenic detectors of cosmic signals and cited Herschel probe as an example. The...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Supercooling the LHC

CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the new research instrument of the world's elementary particle physics community. This discovery-making machine will explore the structure of matter and basic forces of nature on a scale never attained before....

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

Out of the ordinary: ATLAS LEGO® model

As part of an outreach project at the Niels Bohr Institute Sascha Mehlhase recently designed and built a model of the ATLAS experiment in LEGO® bricks. It illustrates all details, from the muon and magnet system to the innermost pixel...

• Publication date : 2012/04/24

Air conditioning: towards a relaxation of the rules for the use of flammable refrigerants

While the European Commission is paving the way for the use of flammable refrigerants as an alternative for split systems, the current revision of the international standard IEC 60335-2-40 should allow higher...

• Publication date : 2020/10/22
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Updating ammonia dispersion models

Research is underway in order to improve existing ammonia-dispersion behaviour models.

• Publication date : 2012/01/19

News from IIR members: Star Refrigeration

Star Refrigeration just announced a new collaboration with Core Enterprises, an American portable instruments developer to distribute AccuToolsR eL-720 carbon dioxide gas leak detector. The detector is easy to handle and effective at locating even...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Past events: The IIR around the world, August and September 2024

A look back at the IIR’s latest events during conferences (Gustav Lorentzen, Thermag, Compressors) and during sponsored vents (CHPC).

• Publication date : 2024/10/07

IIR member news: Cemafroid, IRSTEA and AFCE

A new study on the containment of refrigerants has been launched with the aim of identifying and promoting best practices in this regard.

• Publication date : 2015/10/07

Philippe Lebrun received the Mendelssohn Award.

Philippe Lebrun, President of the IIR’s General Conference, received the prestigious Mendelssohn Award conferred by the International Cryogenic Engineering Committee on March 11, 2016.

• Publication date : 2016/03/16

Member news: Mirai Intex ultra-low temperature refrigeration system at the ACHEMA trade show in Germany

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, will present its MC 15 C/W/T closed-cycle refrigeration machine at the ACHEMA trade show in August 2022 in Germany.

• Publication date : 2022/08/16
• Subjects: Technology

Activities of the IIR’s Commission A2 on Liquefaction and Separation of Gases

The problems related to thermodynamic optimization and new technologies in liquefaction and separation of gases are actual and critical for many branches of modern industry, power generation and medicine.

• Publication date : 2014/03/07

Cryogenics and Low-Temperature Physics: New Horizons and Challenges

This Focus written by Ralf Herzog*, President of the IIR’s Cryophysics, Cryoengineering commission (Commission A1) for the Newsletter of the IIR is the third in a series of presentations of the activities and hot research topics handled by the...

• Publication date : 2012/09/21