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Gas refrigeranti leggermente infiammabili – A2L.

Mildly flammable refrigerants - A2L.

• Author(s) : RONCORONI M., RONCORONI N.
• Publication date: 2016/06
• Languages : Italian
• Keywords : Generality, Flammability, Refrigerant
• Source: Industria & Formazione - vol. 40 - n.400
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Flammability inhibition effect assessment with mildly flammable refrigerant and inert gases on difluoromethane.

• Author(s) : SHI Y., YANG Z., LV Z.
• Publication date: 2022/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Flammability, R1234yf, R32, R744, Chemical reaction, Modelling
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 144
• Formats : PDF

Non-flammable R-410A alternative for commercial refrigeration and air conditioning.

• Author(s) : HUGHES J., MINOR B.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Commercial application, Thermodynamic property, Performance, Mixture, Flammability, HFO, Testing, Refrigerant, Air conditioning
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Low GWP refrigerants in transport refrigeration: risk and benefit assessment of flammable and mildly flammable alternatives.

• Author(s) : POOLMAN C., PAPAS P., RUSIGNUOLO G., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low GWP, Refrigerated transport, R290, Flammability, Container, Refrigerant
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Challenges of the new landscape of flammability.

• Author(s) : TAKIZAWA K.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Regulations, Generality, Safety, Low GWP, Flammability, HFO, Refrigerant
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

AHRI research activities on flammable refrigerants.

• Author(s) : WANG X.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R1234yf, Safety, R452B, R32, Flammability, HFO, Testing, Leakage, Refrigerant
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

AHRI research activities on flammable refrigerants.

• Author(s) : WANG X.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R1234yf, Safety, R452B, R32, Flammability, HFO, Testing, Leakage, Refrigerant
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Flammable refrigerants. 54st Informatory Note on Refrigeration Technologies.

• Author(s) : COLBOURNE D.
• Publication date: 2023/08
• Languages : French, English, Spanish
• Keywords : Flammability, Refrigerant, R600a, R290, Propane, Isobutane, Regulations
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Flammable refrigerants, 36th Informatory Note on refrigeration technologies.

• Author(s) : IIF-IIR, COLBOURNE D.
• Publication date: 2017/12
• Languages : English, French
• Keywords : Regulations, Review, Mixture, Flammability, Hydrocarbon, HFO, HFC, Refrigerant
• Formats : PDF

Research status on the flammable characteristics of combustible refrigerants.

• Author(s) : LV Z., YANG Z., FENG B., et al.
• Publication date: 2018
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Safety, Low GWP, Flammability, HFO, Substitute, Hydrocarbon
• Source: Industria & Formazione - International special issue 2018-2019
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Compliance with flammability requirements for ammonia refrigeration systems.

• Author(s) : PEARSON A., YOUNG M.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Safety, Control (automatic), Ammonia, Modelling, Flammability
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Characterisation of a leak of flammable refrigerant within equipment enclosures.

• Author(s) : COLBOURNE D., SUEN K. O.
• Publication date: 2014/08/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Model, Flammability, Hydrocarbon, Leakage, Refrigerant, Concentration
• Source: 11^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2014). Proceedings. Hangzhou, China, August 31-September 2, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Safety standards and components for flammable refrigerants.

• Author(s) : ASERCOM
• Publication date: 2019/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Standardization, European Union, Safety, Low GWP, Flammability, Guide, Refrigerant, Hydrocarbon
• Formats : PDF

Simulation of leakage of mildly flammable refrigerants.

• Author(s) : OKAMOTO H., HATTORI T., DANG C., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/07/14
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R1234yf, Air conditioner, R32, R1234ze, Simulation, Flammability, Leakage, Refrigerant, Diffusion
• Source: 2014 Purdue Conferences. 15th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Applied methods for assessing flammability risks of HFO refrigerants.

• Author(s) : KONDZIOLKA J., BRIGGS N., ZHANG Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Safety, CFD, Simulation, Prediction, Model, Flammability, HFO
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

State of the art on the flammability of HFOs

An article recently published in the IJR reviews the flammability characteristics of 48 HFOs and blends for various experimental conditions.

• Publication date : 2020/02/05

Flammability hazards of air conditioners using R290 (propane)

R290 (propane) attracts a lot of interest as a replacement refrigerant of high-GWP HFCs for household air conditioners, due to its negligible GWP, favourable system performance and relatively low cost. However, it raises some questions due to its...

• Publication date : 2014/01/02

US: intensification of research on refrigerant flammability

AHRI has set up a subcommittee to conduct a review of the safety issues around mildly flammable refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2015/08/18

HFC134a/HFO1234yf mixture: lower GWP without flammability

A recent study* published in the International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR) by Inha University, South Korea, compared the performance of HFC134a, HFO1234yf and HFO1234yf/HFC134a mixtures at three compositions of 5%, 10% and 15% HFC134a

• Publication date : 2013/11/04

EU F-gas Consultation Forum: alternatives to fluorinated gases exist for single-split air conditioners

A document published by this forum underlines that it now seems possible to avoid the use of fluorinated gases in new small single split air conditioners by replacing them with propane, unless prohibition...

• Publication date : 2021/01/26
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Revising A3 refrigerants charge limits to promote wider application

A recent IJR paper examines the validity and form of charge limits for “highly flammable” A3 refrigerants, which constitute low-GWP alternatives to HFCs. Authors propose to eliminate upper charge limits for...

• Publication date : 2020/06/30
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Intense competition for the next-generation MAC refrigerant

Less than 3 years before the January 1, 2011 deadline for using fluorinated gases (F-gases) with a GWP higher than 150 in the new models of cars according to the European Directive 2006/40 on emissions from mobile air-conditioning (MAC) systems,...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

Alternative low-GWP refrigerants for transport refrigeration.

Summary of a paper presented during the 12th IIR Gustave Lorentzen conference on Natural refrigerant, available in Fridoc.

• Publication date : 2017/02/08

IIR Member news - Solstice N41 (R466A), a new refrigerant from Honeywell

Focus on a brand new refrigerant Solstice N41 (or R466A) which could represent an interesting alternative to R410A in air conditioning.

• Publication date : 2018/08/08

Propane air conditioners: improving leakage safety

The latest research and developments in leakage safety of R290 air conditioners are presented in several articles recently published in the IJR. 

• Publication date : 2023/02/20
• Subjects: Technology, HFCs alternatives

2010 ASHRAE Refrigerant Safety Standards

ASHRAE has published its 2010 editions of Refrigerant Safety Standards. In these editions, HFO-1234yf and 14 refrigerant blends have been added. An optional 2L flammability classification subclass has been added to the existing Class 2 category,...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

European Union: Revision of EN378 standard

The European Standard "Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements" has been republished following comprehensive review. The previous version of the standard, EN378:2000, has been withdrawn and replaced by...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Refrigerant news: HFO-1234yf

The US EPA has proposed to list HFO-1234yf as an acceptable alternative refrigerant in mobile air-conditioning (MAC) systems. The proposed decision only applies to new MAC systems in passenger cars and trucks since EPA had previously determined...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

H-fluid as an alternative to HFC-134a?

The new European Directive 2006/40 on emissions from air-conditioning systems in motor vehicles - which bans F-gases with a GWP higher than 150 (such as HFC-134a) as of 2011 for new models of cars - and Californian legislation which is putting...

• Publication date : 2006/11/15

MAC: CO2 or HFO-1234yf?

The SAE Alternate Refrigerant Symposium held in Phoenix, USA, on June 10-12, 2008, provided an opportunity for the various stakeholders of the global automotive industry to present their views regarding the next-generation refrigerant in mobile...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Discover the 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants”

The 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants” provides a comprehensive introduction to matters such as flammability characteristics, classifications and governing rules such as safety standards and regulations covering the entire...

• Publication date : 2018/02/07

Two IIR Informatory Notes on hot topics

The IIR has recently published two Informatory Notes on high-stakes subjects: flammable refrigerants and the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence in refrigeration and air...

• Publication date : 2023/09/22
• Subjects: Technology, HFCs alternatives

The First Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants unveils its programme

The Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) has just released the programme for the Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants to take place in Birmingham from the 2nd to the 5th of September 2018.

• Publication date : 2018/08/02
• Subjects: Regulation

Daikin launches educational initiative on next-generation refrigerants

Daikin Comfort Technologies partners with the ESCO Institute to prepare the HVAC industry for the use of low global warming potential refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2024/10/25
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Interview: Director General of the IIR gives an overview of the trends of the refrigeration sector

In the 2018-2019 international special issue of the Industria & Formazione magazine, Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration, Didier Coulomb, gives an overview of the impact of the refrigeration sector on climate...

• Publication date : 2019/02/19

New IIR Informatory Note. Low-GWP Refrigerants: Status and Outlook

The latest IIR Informatory Note outlines the options available for low-GWP refrigerants and their respective performance. It provides a series of recommendations on refrigerant...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New IIR conference on the application of HFO Refrigerants

From September 2 to 5, 2018 in Birmingham (UK), the Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) will host the inaugural IIR International Conference on the application of HFO Refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2017/09/05

Available now: All 474 papers from the Purdue Conferences 2018

Welcoming 800 participants from 30 different countries, the 2018 Purdue Conferences took place at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, from July 9 to 12, 2018.

• Publication date : 2019/05/06

New design for the IJR but still quality papers!

As well as original research papers the IJR also includes review articles, papers presented at IIR conferences, short reports and letters describing preliminary results and experimental details, and letters to the Editor on recent areas of...

• Publication date : 2019/11/20

IIR publishes a new Technical Brief: Domestic heat pumps using hydrocarbons - Current status and market overview in Europe

At a time when the energy transition is at the top of the global agenda, the IIR is publishing a new Technical Brief on domestic hydrocarbon heat pumps. This strategic document...

• Publication date : 2024/11/21
• Subjects: Figures, economy

March 2023: An active communication and awareness campaign for INDEE+

March 2023 was marked by a series of communication events for INDEE+, gathering all project partners and key Indian HVAC&R stakeholders in India.

• Publication date : 2023/04/26
• Subjects: Developing country

Member news: Koura introduces new refrigerant for air conditioning

Refrigerant manufacturer Koura recently introduced R468C, a refrigerant that could replace R410A in air conditioning systems.  

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

REAL Alternatives 4 LIFE achievements!

After 3 years of hard work, the REAL Alternatives 4 LIFE consortium is pleased to announce the achievements of this European funded project to develop an EU-wide training on alternative low GPW...

• Publication date : 2020/06/29
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs