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Heat pump water heaters for apartment buildings and blocks of flats of low-energy/passive house standard.

Author(s) : STENE J., HJERKINN T.

Type of article: Article, Case study

Summary

In apartment buildings and block of flats of such buildings of low-energy and passive house standard, the annual energy demand for heating of domestic hot water (DHW) typically constitutes 60 to 85% of the total annual heating demand of the building. Since the DHW heating is the dominating heat load, a centralized DHW system that meets the entire demand can be a very profitable installation. Possible heating systems include electric immersion heaters, solar collectors in combination with electric immersion heaters for supplementary heating, gas- or pellet-fired boilers and heat pump water heaters (HPWH) utilizing e.g. outdoor air, exhaust ventilation air, groundwater, boreholes in crystalline rock or grey water as a heat source. A HPWH using carbon dioxide (CO2, R-744) as the working fluid will typically achieve 20% higher COP than the most energy-efficient HPWH system on the market using HFC or propane as working fluid. Air-to-water and water-to-water CO2 HPWHs in the capacity range from about 5 to 60 kW have now become commercially available in Japan and Europe from a number of Japanese manufacturers.

Details

  • Original title: Heat pump water heaters for apartment buildings and blocks of flats of low-energy/passive house standard.
  • Record ID : 2008-2302
  • Languages: English
  • Source: IEA HPC Newsl. - vol. 26 - n. 2
  • Publication date: 2008

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