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Aplicaciones con CO2 en refrigeración comercial.

CO2 applications to commercial refrigeration.

• Author(s) : SANZ F., FERNÁNDEZ O.
• Publication date: 2015/09
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Generality, Commercial application, R744, Supermarket, CO2
• Source: Frío Calor Aire acondicionado - vol. 43 - n. 483
• Formats : PDF

Oxid uhlicitý jako chladivo. 2. Uplatnení CO2 v chladicí technice.

Carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. 2. Use of CO2 in refrigeration.

• Author(s) : PETRÁK M.
• Publication date: 2015/11
• Languages : Czech
• Keywords : Comparison, Czech Republic, R744, Energy efficiency, Refrigerant, CO2
• Source: Vytápení Vetrání Instalace - vol. 24 - n. 5
• Formats : PDF

Comparativa de sistemas de subenfriamiento en ciclos de refrigeración de CO2 en climas cálidos.

Comparison of subcooling systems in CO2 refrigeration cycles in hot climates.

• Author(s) : NEBOT-ANDRÉS L., CATALÁN-GIL J., LLOPIS R., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/19
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Comparison, R744, Subcooling, Modelling, Evaporation, Energy efficiency, COP, CO2, Hot climate
• Source: CYTEF 2018. IX Congreso Ibérico y VII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Valencia, España, 19-21 junio 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Sistema de subenfriamiento mecánico para ciclos transcríticos de refrigeración con CO2.

Mechanical subcooling system for CO2 transcritical refrigeration cycles.

• Author(s) : LLOPIS R., SÁNCHEZ D., CABELLO R., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/05/03
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Enhancement, R744, Subcooling, Performance, Transcritical cycle, Refrigerant, CO2
• Source: CYTEF 2016. VIII Congreso Ibérico y VI Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Coimbra-Portugal, 3-6 mayo, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Risparmia energia e proteggi l'ambiente con le soluzioni a CO2. L'esperienza con la CO2 nel retail alimentare, la refrigerazione commerciale e industriale.

Save energy and protect the environment with CO2 solutions. Experience with CO2 in food retail, commercial and industrial refrigeration.

• Author(s) : DELLA RAGIONE M., CAVALLINI A.
• Publication date: 2017
• Languages : Italian
• Keywords : Retail trade, Industrial application, Generality, Commercial application, R744, CO2
• Source: Industria & Formazione - vol. 41 - n.408
• Formats : PDF

Optimización de centrales frigoríficas de CO2 transcrítico basada en los parámetros operativos en tiempo real.

Optimisation of transcritical CO2 refrigeration systems according to real-time operating parameters.

• Author(s) : GARCIA JIMENEZ M. J., RUIZ RUIZ A., EXPÓSITO CARRILLO J. A.
• Publication date: 2020/11/11
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Transcritical cycle, CO2, R744, Energy efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Gas cooler, Modelling
• Source: X Congreso Ibérico y VIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2020.
• Formats : PDF

L'utilizo della CO2 negli impianti frigoriferi per la conservazione degli alimenti.

Using CO2 in refrigerating installations to preserve food.

• Author(s) : BARBIERATO D.
• Publication date: 2015/08
• Languages : Italian
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, Food application, Comparison, R744, Performance, CO2
• Source: Industria & Formazione - vol. 39 - n.392
• Formats : PDF

Oxid uhlicitý jako chladivo Cást 3: CO2 v tepelných cerpadlech.

Carbon dioxide as a refrigerant Part 3: CO2 in Heat Pumps.

• Author(s) : PETRÁK M.
• Publication date: 2016/02
• Languages : Czech
• Keywords : Hot water, R744, Heat pump, Transcritical cycle, Refrigerant, CO2
• Source: Vytápení Vetrání Instalace - vol. 25 - n. 1
• Formats : PDF

Oxid uhlicitý jako chladivo. 1. Zvláštnosti CO2 jako chladiva.

Carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. 1. Particularities of CO2 as a refrigerant.

• Author(s) : PETRÁK M.
• Publication date: 2015/06
• Languages : Czech
• Keywords : Discharge, R744, Thermodynamic property, Performance, Optimization, Pressure, Refrigerant, CO2
• Source: Vytápení Vetrání Instalace - vol. 24 - n. 3
• Formats : PDF

Evaluación experimental de un ciclo de subenfriamiento mecánico integrado en una planta de refrigeración con CO2.

Experimental evaluation of a mechanical sub-cooling cycle integrated in a CO2 refrigeration plant.

• Author(s) : NEBOT-ANDRÉS L., CATALÁN-GIL J., SÁNCHEZ D., CABELLO R., CALLEJA-ANTA D., LLOPIS R.
• Publication date: 2020/11/11
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : CO2, R744, Industrial application, Factory, Energy efficiency, COP, Subcooling, Thermodynamic cycle, Evaporation, Expérimentation
• Source: X Congreso Ibérico y VIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2020.
• Formats : PDF

Evaluación energética de distintas arquitecturas booster con CO2 para refrigeración comercial en climas cálidos.

Energy evaluation of various CO2 booster architectures for commercial refrigeration in hot climates.

• Author(s) : CATALÁN-GIL J., SÁNCHEZ D., NEBOT-ANDRÉS L., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/19
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Spain, Comparison, Commercial application, R744, Supermarket, Subcooling, Portugal, COP, CO2, Hot climate
• Source: CYTEF 2018. IX Congreso Ibérico y VII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Valencia, España, 19-21 junio 2018.
• Formats : PDF

CO2 as refrigerant – status and prospects.

• Author(s) : HRNJAK P.
• Publication date: 2017/12/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Technology, Industrial application, Household application, Commercial application, R744, Review, Performance, CO2
• Source: 48^th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition.
• Formats : PDF

CO2 in subcritical refrigeration applications.

• Author(s) : VENKATESWARAN M.
• Publication date: 2017/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, Generality, Safety, R744, Netherlands, Cascade system, Case study, CO2
• Source: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, Cold Chain - vol. 8 - n. 3
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

An improved approach to model compressors, condenser/gas cooler and their control system in refrigeration systems with R404A and R744 based on physical principles.

• Author(s) : SACASAS D., VEGA J., CUEVAS C., BORRAJO R.
• Publication date: 2023/09
• Languages :
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 153
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

CO2 as a refrigerant: what can we expect now?

• Author(s) : GIROTTO S.
• Publication date: 2021/09/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2, R744, Environment, Industrial application, Chiller, Heat pump, Review
• Source: 9^th IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technologies. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, 16-17 September, 2021
• Formats : PDF

CO2 applications: First commercial CO2 system in Latin America

Last April Verdemar supermarket chain inaugurated its fifth store in the suburb of Jardim Canada, Nova Lima -Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is the first Latin American supermarket that uses carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. Its Skyrack Breeze, developed...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

CO2 applications: First hospital catering facility refrigeration system to run with CO2 in the UK

A CO2 unit supplied by Green & Cool has been installed and commissioned by CCS Refrigeration, through Aggora on behalf of Medirest to provide for the on-site catering requirements of patients, restaurant and hospital staff at the Homerton...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

CO2 Supermarkets

The journal Die Kälte und Klimatechnik has just produced an article on the opening of a supermarket using refrigeration installations for the first time running on direct expansion CO2 with both medium and low temperatures in Wettingen,...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

CO2 applications: Buses

Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) has installed CO2 air-conditioning systems in seven of its city buses operating on different routes in Berlin and covering 200 to 400 km per day. Germany's Federal Environment Agency has urged all public transport...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

CO2 supermarkets: Sainsbury’s

Sainsbury's has doubled the size of its supermarket in Durham, UK, and has cut energy consumption by 10%. The store will be "carbon negative" thanks to a number or technologies including ground-breaking CO2 refrigeration technology and on-site...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

CO2 supermarkets: Tesco

Designed as Tesco's first zero-carbon store, the new store at Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, UK, is completely HFC-free. The supermarket is hence using natural refrigerants CO2 and hydrocarbons throughout its refrigerators, freezers, heating, ventilation...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

CO2 supermarkets: CAREL

CAREL and the French hypermarket chain Carrefour have joined forces to develop the first subcritical CO2 plant in a supermarket in Turkey. The Istanbul installation uses a cascade system that supplies the low-temperature units with R744. To...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

CO2 growth figures

The Shecco Guide 2014: Natural Refrigerants Continued Growth & Innovation in Europe shows that to date (2013), there are 2885 CO2 transcritical (TC) systems installed in Europe (3100+ installations worldwide), a significant increase of 117%...

• Publication date : 2014/10/09

CO2 supermarkets worldwide

In its latest Accelerate Europe magazine, Shecco has disseminated figures illustrating the growth of CO2 in the commercial refrigeration sector.

• Publication date : 2016/05/03

Integrated CO2-CHP system

Brunel - a UK University - and 14 industrial partners in the commercial refrigeration sector have presented an innovative integrated energy system which has been designed to meet the needs of medium and large supermarkets and can be tailored to...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

Pioneering CO2 road vehicles

Aldi Süd, Germany's biggest supermarket chain, is investing in new road transportation for frozen food and beverages with a view to promoting CO2. The next-generation vehicles will go into serial production after being exhibited at the Frankfurt...

• Publication date : 2009/08/13

UK: Transcritical CO2 for Harrods

The world-famous London luxury store Harrods has installed an innovative parallel CO2 compression refrigeration system in its food department in order to replace its ageing R22 and R404A systems.

• Publication date : 2012/03/01

CO2 training courses in France

Climate change concerns and increasing use of natural refrigerants with low global warming potential (GWP) are driving demand for natural refrigerant training courses.

• Publication date : 2011/12/14

CO2 for transport refrigeration systems

A paper presented during the 10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference held in Delft in 2012 summarizes developments on cryogenic solutions for refrigerated vehicles using liquid CO2 in an open cycle system.

• Publication date : 2013/03/08

Innovative transcritical CO2 ice rink installation

In Gimo, Sweden, a transcritical CO2 unit was installed to provide cooling for a new ice rink.

• Publication date : 2015/05/12

Cold off the press: CO2 as a Refrigerant

The new IIR technical guide on the application of “CO2 as a Refrigerant" is now available from our online bookstore.

• Publication date : 2015/01/21

New IIR Publication: Bibliography on CO2

Bibliography on CO2: 2004-2006 references and abstracts This CD-ROM contains the bibliographical references and summaries of over 200 recent articles on CO2 and its various applications in the fields of refrigeration, air conditioning and heat...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Member news : Danfoss launches thermostatic expansion valve for CO2

Danfoss has recently launched a thermostatic expansion valve for CO2, based on its TE2 valve. It is suitable for small to medium size remote refrigeration systems such as cold rooms and display...

• Publication date : 2022/10/27

Ohrid 2015: Ammonia and CO2 refrigeration technologies at the forefront

In light of the intense debate on the F-Gas regulation, its implementation worldwide, as well as proposed amendments to the Montreal Protocol, the conference provided the ideal forum for the exchange of knowledge on ammonia and CO2 technologies.

• Publication date : 2015/04/21

Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies conference papers now available to download

Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies conference papers now available to download

• Publication date : 2019/06/20

An article from the IJR on the state of the art of CO2

An article published by NTNU and SINTEF in the International Journal of Refrigeration summarises several researches on current and future "CO2 only" solutions for supermarket applications.

• Publication date : 2018/10/18

IIR member news: Daikin signs a partnership on CO2 capture

Daikin recently signed a partnership with Doshisha University in Kyoto to work on CO2 capture and higher efficiency air conditioners.

• Publication date : 2020/04/23

Call for abstracts ends September 30: IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies

The Conference concentrates on the benefits as well as the need to move towards natural refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2022/09/14
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

The programme of the IIR conference on Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies is now available

The conference is a leading event in the refrigeration industry and brings together academic and industry experts to discuss the latest advances in refrigeration technology. 

• Publication date : 2023/04/19

Early bird registration ends August 15 – 9th IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies

Register today to the upcoming IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies to take place online on September 16-17, 2021.

• Publication date : 2021/08/09
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Technology, Environment

News from IIR members: Carrier CO2NSERVATION meter

The Carrier CO2NSERVATION meter calculates avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a result of the installation of high efficiency Carrier air-conditioning, heating and refrigeration systems by customers around the world since 2000. Buildings in...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

ICCC2014 in London

The UK hosted ICCC2014, the third IIR conference in the series, in June at St Mary's University College, London, UK.

• Publication date : 2014/07/03

ICCC2022 – Call for abstracts extended!

Due to an unprecedented number of requests, the call for 7th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain has been extended to October 24 at 5pm BST.

• Publication date : 2021/10/08
• Subjects: Technology

Don't miss the FRISBEE workshop at ICCC2014

On the afternoon of the 23rd June, the IIR will organize a FRISBEE Project a workshop at the 3rd International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC2014) at Twickenham College, London, UK.

• Publication date : 2014/05/20

ICCC2022 - early bird rate ending soon

Only seven days left to take advantage of early bird rates for the 7th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC 2022).

• Publication date : 2022/02/18
• Subjects: Developing country, HFCs alternatives, Environment

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids