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IIR document
Effect of subsurface tunnel on the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of R1234ze(E), R1233zd(E) and R134a.
Efecto de une velocidad reducida del ventilador de aire sobre los tiempos de congelación y el consumo de energía en un túnel de congelación.
The effect of reduced air fan speed on freezing times and energy consumption in a freezing tunnel.
Tunnelling into the chill.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy in dilution refrigerators.
Natural ventilation system for a school building combined with solar chimney and underground pit.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
Efficient cooling methods to reduce heat stress in pigs
Microclimate parameters such as air temperature and humidity are important indicators of animal welfare. Besides, heat stress is more detrimental to productivity in the swine...
Quantum refrigerators: research is making progress
Two recent studies illustrate the progress of research on quantum refrigerators. Cooling applications for microelectronic compounds could be considered.
Climate control in the Gibraltar tunnel project
A project for a tunnel linking Punta Paloma in Spain and Malabata Point in Morocco and currently in preparatory phase raises some interesting and crucial climate control issues. Governments of both nations appointed the Swiss engineer Giovanni...
Vapour-compression alternatives to serve future HVAC applications
A March 2014 report* prepared for the US Department of Energy by Navigant Consulting identifies and evaluates 17 technologies which could potentially replace traditional vapour-compression technology in residential and commercial HVAC applications
ICR2011 highlights: cooling particle detectors
Cooling systems for particle detectors attracted interest at the IIR’s Congress in Prague in August 2011. These highly specific applications have very strict requirements compared with standard cooling systems: refrigerants should be resistant to...
LHC season 3: cryogenic cooling system upgrade
The particle accelerator returned to service in 2022 after numerous improvements, including an increase in cryogenic cooling power at point 4.
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
2 results
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
