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IIR document

Cryogenic safety valves to protect systems in ITER during quench.

• Author(s) : BOERSCH M., DRACHE J., WEBER D.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Superconducting magnet, France, Quench (superconductivity), Design, Safety valve, Case study, Cryogenics
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

Controls automation benefits in addressing efficiency and safety in marine segment.

• Author(s) : VENKATESWARAN M.
• Publication date: 2017/04/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, Safety, Sea transport, Control (automatic), Fishing, Evaporator, Defrosting
• Source: Sustainable management of refrigeration technologies in marine and off-shore fisheries sectors.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigation of the practical method for enhancing the safety of R290 split type household air conditioner.

• Author(s) : TANG W., HE G., CAI D., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/04/23
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Split system, Safety, Air conditioner, R290, Expérimentation, Leakage
• Source: 5^th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants.
• Formats : PDF

Dynamic performance of self-operated three-way valve used in a hybrid air conditioner.

• Author(s) : ZHANG P., ZHOU D., SHI W., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Valve (generic), Air conditioner, Thermosyphon, Simulation, Performance, Compression
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 65 - n. 1-2

The experimental investigation of refrigerant distribution and leaking characteristics of R290 in split type household air conditioner.

• Author(s) : TANG W., HE G., CAI D., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/03/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Household application, Safety, Measurement, R290, Flammability, Expérimentation, Leakage, Air conditioning
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 115

IIR document

Instant cryopreservation of porcine heart valves and aortic segments in low-viscous polydimethylsiloxane - first results.

• Author(s) : LAUK-DUBITSKIY S., SERVERGINA L., KOROVIN I., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Dynamic simulation of a demethanizer compression unit.

• Author(s) : ZARESHARIF M., HOOSHMAND J.
• Publication date: 2022/07/15
• Languages : English
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 26^th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Development of hybrid VRF using R32 refrigerant.

• Author(s) : IKEDA S., NISHIO J., ISHIMURA K., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Generality, Safety, Design, R32, Hybrid system, Energy efficiency, Leakage, Refrigerant, Air conditioning
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Diesel explosion of propane at pump-down of air conditioner.

• Author(s) : HIGASHI T., DANG C., HIHARA E.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Scaling parameters between ammonia and water.

• Author(s) : SPINDLER K.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Optimization of water cooled low charge propane integral display cabinet with dedicated variable speed compressor solution.

• Author(s) : HUCHTEMANN K., WINANDY E., BERTAGNOLIO S.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Health management system for compressors in hydrogen refueling stations based on non-destructive fault diagnosis method.

• Author(s) : LI X., PENG X., CHEN D., JIA X.
• Publication date: 2022/07/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Hydrogen, Fuel cell, Failure, Safety, Detection, Compressor, Industrial application
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 26^th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The application and risk assessment of R290 in split type household air conditioners.

• Author(s) : HE G., SUN W., TANG W., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Safety, R290, Propane, Flammability, Expérimentation, Leakage, Air conditioning, Concentration, Refrigerant charge
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experiment study on a resorption refrigeration and electricity system.

• Author(s) : JIANG L., WANG L., LIU C., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Development and practical application of a natural gas expansion turbine for power generation without additional heating equipment.

• Author(s) : VASUTHEVAN H., BRÜMMER A., BADURA C.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 24^th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

ASHRAE publishes Refrigeration Safety Standard

ASHRAE has published its 2004 refrigeration safety standard, which establishes procedures for operating equipment and systems to ensure the safety of the building occupants and technicians. ANSI/ASHRAE 15-2004 Safety Standard for Refrigeration...

• Publication date : 2005/01/12

A ship sinks due to refrigeration failure

Three years ago, in April 2001, a factory freezer trawler, the Fame, sank off the coast of Labrador, Canada. According to a recent report by a provincial Transportation Safety Board, the ship sank due to a chain of events, eventually flooding the...

• Publication date : 2004/05/25

Alternative Cooling Technologies conference, London, 1st February 2005

This conference, which was co-sponsored by the UK Institute of Refrigeration and organised commercially by RAC magazine, was well attended with about 140 people present. It was arranged in five sessions. In the first session, speakers from UK...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Heat pump systems for HVAC in electric vehicles

Heat pump systems offer an energy efficient option for HVAC in electric vehicles. Recent studies present innovative technologies to further improve the heating and cooling performance of heat pump systems as...

• Publication date : 2021/01/27
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Kenyan fish processing facility upgrades from R22 to ammonia

East Africa Sea Foods (EASF), a fish processing facility in Kenya, recently replaced its aging R22 refrigeration system with a two-stage ammonia system.

• Publication date : 2020/04/05
• Subjects: Developing country, HFCs alternatives

Making ammonia systems safer

Andy Pearson’s keynote presentation at the 2013 IIR Ammonia Refrigeration Technology conference concludes that safety hazards related to ammonia could be mitigated through the correct design of systems, based on real health and safety issues.

• Publication date : 2013/10/01

Propane air conditioners: improving leakage safety

The latest research and developments in leakage safety of R290 air conditioners are presented in several articles recently published in the IJR. 

• Publication date : 2023/02/20
• Subjects: Technology, HFCs alternatives

Adoption of long-awaited standard for flammable refrigerants

International Electrotechnical Commission standard approves increased charge of flammable refrigerants in domestic installations.

• Publication date : 2022/05/27
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

Air conditioning: towards a relaxation of the rules for the use of flammable refrigerants

While the European Commission is paving the way for the use of flammable refrigerants as an alternative for split systems, the current revision of the international standard IEC 60335-2-40 should allow higher...

• Publication date : 2020/10/22
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New design for CO2 cascade system

Researchers from two Spanish universities are looking for commercial licensees for a CO2 cascade refrigeration system that is said to overcome many of the current drawbacks of the technology.

• Publication date : 2014/06/20

Latest news about regulation in Europe

The European “F-gas” Regulation and the EN 378 standard are currently being revised at European level. Latest news on these two flagship texts. 

• Publication date : 2022/03/29

CO2 for transport refrigeration systems

A paper presented during the 10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference held in Delft in 2012 summarizes developments on cryogenic solutions for refrigerated vehicles using liquid CO2 in an open cycle system.

• Publication date : 2013/03/08

Obituary: S. Forbes Pearson

Dr S  Forbes Pearson, one of the most famous IIR person, passed away. The IIR presents its deepest sympathy and sincerest condolences to his family and relatives.

• Publication date : 2024/03/28

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction