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IIR document

Pressure drop during near-critical-pressure condensation of refrigerant blends.

• Author(s) : ANDRESEN U. C., GARIMELLA S., MITRA B., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R410A, Critical pressure, Microchannel, Tube, R404A, Expérimentation, Condensation, Pressure drop
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 59
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Measurements of P?T properties, vapor pressures, saturated densities, and critical parameters for R 1234ze(Z) and R 245fa.

• Author(s) : HIGASHI Y., HAYASAKA S., SHIRAI C., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vapour pressure, R245fa, Measurement, Density, R1234ze, Thermodynamic property, Critical point
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 52
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic properties of HFO-1336mzz(E) (trans-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene) at saturation conditions.

• Author(s) : TANAKA K., ISHIKAWA J., KONTOMARIS K. K.
• Publication date: 2017/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vapour pressure, Critical pressure, Critical temperature, Thermodynamic property, Expérimentation, Critical density, Refrigerant
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 82
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation on ejector performance near critical back pressure.

• Author(s) : WANG L., WANG C., HOU W., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Performance, Modelling, Pressure, Expérimentation, Ejector
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 80
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic properties of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) + 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) mixtures: Measurements of the critical parameters and a mixture model based on the multi-fluid approximation.

• Author(s) : AKASAKA R., HIGASHI Y., YAMADA Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, R1234yf, Critical pressure, Critical temperature, Thermodynamic property, Model, Mixture, Critical density
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 58
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental determination of the critical parameters for trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene [R1233zd(E)] and cis-1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene [R1224yd(Z)].

• Author(s) : TANAKA K., AKASAKA R.
• Publication date: 2021/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : HFO, HCFO, R1224yd(Z), R1233zd(E), Expérimentation, Critical pressure, Critical temperature, Critical density
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 131
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

High-temperature working fluids for heat pumps – A way to select the optimal fluid for a given application.

• Author(s) : PACHAI A. C., HAFNER A., ARPAGAUS C.
• Publication date: 2023/04/27
• Languages : English
• Keywords : High temperature, Hydrocarbon, Heat pump, Standard, Critical temperature, Critical pressure, Critical density, Refrigerant
• Source: 10^th IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technologies.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

An improved corresponding states principle model for orthohydrogen thermal conductivity from the triple point to 300 K and 20 MPa.

• Author(s) : MENG C., SUN J., YANG Y., BAO H., ROSKILLY A. P., HUANG Y.
• Publication date: 2024/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Hydrogen, Thermal conductivity, Thermodynamic property, Critical pressure, Critical temperature, Calculation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 163
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A new apparatus for measurement of the critical p-ρ-T properties based on the variable-volume method.

• Author(s) : YAO X., DONG X., ZHAO Y., SHEN J., GONG M.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, Thermodynamic property, Nitrogen, R32, Expérimentation, Variable volume, Critical density, Critical pressure, Critical temperature
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 136
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Saturation pressure measurements of the new refrigerant HFO1132(E).

• Author(s) : PERERA U., THU K., MIYAZAKI T., SAKODA N., HIGASHI Y.
• Publication date: 2021/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R1132(E), Saturation, Pressure, Critical pressure, Thermodynamic property, Expérimentation, HFO
• Source: 2^nd IIR Conference on HFO Refrigerants and Low GWP Blends
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Novel rotary pressure exchanger for highly efficient trans-critical CO2 refrigeration cycle.

• Author(s) : THATTE A., FRICKE B., NAWAZ K.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Rotary exchanger, CO2, R744, Pressure, Energy efficiency, Recovery, Compressor, COP, Transcritical cycle, Modelling, Expérimentation, Performance
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

HFO and carbon dioxide cascade system with zero GWP.

• Author(s) : LAWRENCE M.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, R1234yf, Critical pressure, Critical temperature, R744, Cascade system, Modelling, HFO, CO2
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

HFO and carbon dioxide cascade system with zero GWP.

• Author(s) : LAWRENCE M.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, R1234yf, Critical pressure, Critical temperature, R744, Cascade system, Modelling, HFO, CO2
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

PVT Properties, Saturated Densities, and Critical Parameters of trans-1,2-Difluoroethene (R1132(E)) + 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf).

• Author(s) : SAKODA N., HIGASHI Y.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Mixture, Critical density, R1132(E), R1234yf, Expérimentation, Equation of state, Thermodynamic property, Critical pressure, Critical temperature, Critical point, HFO, Low GWP
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation of critical parameters for the binary mixture of CO2 + R1336mzz(Z) (cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene) and analysis of critical locus for CO2 + hydrofluoroolefin systems.

• Author(s) : TANG B., YAO X., DONG X., SHENG B., ZHAO Y., SHEN J., GONG M.
• Publication date: 2024/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Expérimentation, Modelling, R744, CO2, Binary mixture, R1336mzz(Z), Transcritical cycle, Critical point, Critical pressure, Critical temperature, Thermodynamic property
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 160
• Formats : PDF

Briefs: CO2 heat pumps in a retirement home

Villa Laura, a retirement home near Florence, Italy, is equipped with 4 water/water ground-water heat pumps operating with a transcritical CO2 cycle providing heating, air conditioning and hot water. This technology is already used to produce hot...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

CO2 Supermarkets

The journal Die Kälte und Klimatechnik has just produced an article on the opening of a supermarket using refrigeration installations for the first time running on direct expansion CO2 with both medium and low temperatures in Wettingen,...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

Development and evaluation of a reversible CO2 residential air conditioning system compared to a state-of-the art R410a unit

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). A reversible CO2 prototype RAC split unit system was designed, built and installed in two calorimetric test chambers. The unit is based on the Lorentzen Cycle...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

Underground storage of liquid CO2

Dispensing of CO2 by storing it underground usually implies placing it in aquifer rocks deep enough (-800 m) to achieve sufficient pressure to maintain the CO2 in a supercritical (fluid) phase. This approach has many shortcomings as in this form,...

• Publication date : 2006/11/15

Refrigeration’s contribution to CCS

Led by IFP (France), the European research project Cocate - which brings together 8 other research and industrial partners worldwide for a budget of 4.5 million € - tackles the problems of rolling out a shared transportation infrastructure capable...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

CO2 supermarkets: CAREL

CAREL and the French hypermarket chain Carrefour have joined forces to develop the first subcritical CO2 plant in a supermarket in Turkey. The Istanbul installation uses a cascade system that supplies the low-temperature units with R744. To...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Natural refrigerants in emerging countries: South Africa

South Africa is facing an energy shortage and a rise in electricity prices. Natural refrigerants, which have important energy saving potential, are now being introduced, especially in supermarkets. Here are 2 examples: . GTZ has offered technical...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Regulations and use of HFCs in the USA

Under section 608 of the Clean Air Act, it has been illegal since November 15, 1995, to knowingly vent substitutes for CFC and HCFC refrigerants during the maintenance, service, repair and disposal of air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment....

• Publication date : 2004/09/14

European Union: Revision of EN378 standard

The European Standard "Refrigerating systems and heat pumps - Safety and environmental requirements" has been republished following comprehensive review. The previous version of the standard, EN378:2000, has been withdrawn and replaced by...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

CO2 supermarkets: Tesco

Designed as Tesco's first zero-carbon store, the new store at Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, UK, is completely HFC-free. The supermarket is hence using natural refrigerants CO2 and hydrocarbons throughout its refrigerators, freezers, heating, ventilation...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

H-fluid as an alternative to HFC-134a?

The new European Directive 2006/40 on emissions from air-conditioning systems in motor vehicles - which bans F-gases with a GWP higher than 150 (such as HFC-134a) as of 2011 for new models of cars - and Californian legislation which is putting...

• Publication date : 2006/11/15

Growing interest in CO2 technology

Scientists and refrigeration practitioners are increasingly interested in carbon dioxide (CO2) technology. The IIR's Fridoc database contains 198 references to articles mentioning CO2 in their titles and 448 containing the term CO2 in the key...

• Publication date : 2004/04/28

CHEs in heat pumps

In its Annex 33, "Compact Heat Exchangers in Heat Pumping Equipment" issued in September 2010, the Heat Pump Programme details the benefits of using compact heat exchangers (CHEs): . Improved heat exchanger thermal effectiveness: thermal...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Alternative Cooling Technologies conference, London, 1st February 2005

This conference, which was co-sponsored by the UK Institute of Refrigeration and organised commercially by RAC magazine, was well attended with about 140 people present. It was arranged in five sessions. In the first session, speakers from UK...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

IIR Rankine Conference 2020: Which alternative working fluids for ORC systems?

HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins), HCFOs (hydrochlorofluoroolefins) and hydrocarbons were the main alternatives to HFC245fa presented during the IIR Rankine Conference 2020.

• Publication date : 2020/09/04
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

News from IIR members: Alfa Laval

Alfa Laval is providing solutions for the fast-expanding CO2 market and has launched two new brazed heat exchanger models designed for transcritical CO2 systems for transport refrigeration, commercial refrigeration and heat-pump applications. The...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Cryogenics and Low-Temperature Physics: New Horizons and Challenges

This Focus written by Ralf Herzog*, President of the IIR’s Cryophysics, Cryoengineering commission (Commission A1) for the Newsletter of the IIR is the third in a series of presentations of the activities and hot research topics handled by the...

• Publication date : 2012/09/21

Technical visit to the Tokyo fish market

At the ICCC conference last June, attendees had the opportunity to participate in technical visits, including a tour of the Tokyo fish market. Alain Le Bail, President of IIR Commission C2, joined the visit and...

• Publication date : 2024/11/15

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFO et HCFO, Blends

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends