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Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Determination of the initial freezing temperature of foods.

• Author(s) : LE BAIL A., TOUBLANC C., QUEVEAU D., GUIHARD L., CRUCEAN D.
• Publication date: 2022/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing, Freezing temperature, Thawing, Meat, Fish, Herring, Pork, Thermodynamic property, Superchilling
• Source: 7^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain Online. Proceedings: April 11-13 2022
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Is it effective to pre-cool close to the freezing point temperature before freezing?

• Author(s) : MAEKAWA R., WATANABE M., POUDYAL R. L., SUZUKI T.
• Publication date: 2021/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing, Freezing time, Ice, Precooling, Temperature, Simulation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 132
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Freezing times using time derivative of temperature on surface of foods.

• Author(s) : FERREIRA S. R., ROJAS L. O. A.
• Publication date: 2019/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food, Temperature, Modelling, Freezing, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 98
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effects of freezing temperature and frozen storage on the biochemical and physical properties of Procambarus clarkii/

• Author(s) : SHI L., XIONG G., DING A., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing temperature, Crayfish, Biochemical property, Physical property, Frozen food, Expérimentation, Cold storage
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 91
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The effect of magnetic field on the quality of channel catfish under two different freezing temperatures.

• Author(s) : LENG D., ZHANG H., TIAN C., XU H., LI P.
• Publication date: 2022/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Catfish, Freezing, Magnetic field, Microbiological quality, Temperature, Comparison
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 140
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of sorbet freezing process on draw temperature and ice crystal size using focused beam reflectance method (FBRM) online measurements.

• Author(s) : ARELLANO B. J. E., GONZALEZ B. D., LEDUCQ D., et al.
• Publication date: 2011/08/21
• Languages :
• Keywords : Ice, Texture, Sorbet, Expérimentation, Crystal, Ice cream, Freezing
• Source: Proceedings of the 23^rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Prague, Czech Republic, August 21-26, 2011. Overarching theme: Refrigeration for Sustainable Development.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Challenges of the usage of ultra-low temperatures for fish freezing and storage.

• Author(s) : EIKEVIK T., TOLSTOREBROV I., BANTLE M., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low temperature, Quality, Physical property, Storage, Fish, Freezing
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Pour une meilleure conservation des produits alimentaires.

For better preservation of food products.

• Author(s) : AVILES C., IBARRA D.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Cryogenics, CO2, Freezing, Preservation, Food, Meat, Temperature, Liquefied gas, Generality
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - n.1171

IIR document

Reversed Brayton cycle for food freezing at very low temperatures: Energy performance and optimisation.

• Author(s) : BIGLIA A., COMBA L., FABRIZIO E., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food industry, Low temperature, Design, Performance, Modelling, Energy efficiency, Freezing
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 81
• Formats : PDF

Viability of Cryptocotyle lingua metacercariae from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) after exposure to freezing and heating in the temperature range from -80°C to 100°C.

• Author(s) : BORGES J. N., SKOV J., BAHLOOL Q. Z. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing temperature, Food, Safety, Survival, Fish, Parasite, High temperature
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 50

Analytical solution to steady-state temperature field for straight-row-piped freezing based on superposition of thermal potential.

• Author(s) : HU X. D., YU J., REN H., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/01/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal analysis, Pipe, Temperature, Ground freezing, Construction
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 111

IIR document

Effect of low and ultra-low temperature applications during freezing and frozen storage on quality parameters for fish.

• Author(s) : TOLSTOREBROV I., EIKEVIK T. M., BANTLE M.
• Publication date: 2016/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low temperature, Quality, Physical property, Storage, Fish, Freezing
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 63
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study of a two-stage adsorption freezing machine driven by low temperature heat source.

• Author(s) : WANG J., WANG L. W., LUO W. L., et al.
• Publication date: 2013/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Composite, Low temperature, Adsorbent, Two-stage system, Adsorption system, Heat source, Expérimentation, Freezing
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 36 - n. 3
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Cold thermal energy storage with low-temperature plate freezing of fish on offshore vessels.

• Author(s) : VERPE E. H., TOLSTOREBROV I., SEVAULT A., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, Low temperature, Tank, R744, Fish, Fishing, Modelling, Evaporation, Freezing, Plate freezer, Thermal energy storage
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Numerical evaluation on the effects of soil freezing on underground temperature variations of soil around ground heat exchangers.

• Author(s) : YANGA W., KONGA L., CHEN Y.
• Publication date: 2015/01/22
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Geothermy, Temperature variation, Heat transfer, Underground, Heat pump, Modelling, Ground freezing
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 75

Windcatchers: the birth of air conditioning and natural refrigeration?

Windcatchers, which can reduce indoor temperatures by around 10°C and store water at near-freezing temperatures during summer months, have been used over centuries in many regions around the world.

• Publication date : 2018/11/22

Cryoextraction techniques for better tasting wine?

A recent study in Spain suggests that freezing white grapes using low temperatures in the winemaking process, produces wines that are more aromatic than wines produced with traditional...

• Publication date : 2020/11/27

A Norwegian project: Snow for the future

An independent research organisation and a Norwegian university are developing a heat pump system to produce snow, even if the temperature are above freezing.

• Publication date : 2017/06/02

Cryochemistry: chemical reactions accelerated by freezing

Surprisingly, some chemical reactions can be accelerated by freezing. The possible applications of studying such cryoreactions include the food and pharmaceutical cold chain, as well...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28
• Subjects: Environment, Technology

Cold storage of evergreen seedlings affected by global warming

Due to global warming, conifer seedlings are more often exposed to desiccation during snow-free winters. Overwinter cold storage allows to improve their survival, provided that...

• Publication date : 2022/05/23
• Subjects: Environment, Technology

Simplifying the preservation at very low temperature of tissues used in ophthalmology

Researchers have compared the effects of −28 °C (standard freezer) and −80 °C preservation on human amniotic membrane, which is commonly used in ophthalmic...

• Publication date : 2022/05/30
• Subjects: Technology

Isochoric freezing could cut down energy use in the global food cold chain

Compared to conventional isobaric freezing, isochoric freezing could significantly improve the quality of frozen food and generate substantial energy savings. 

• Publication date : 2021/10/22
• Subjects: Technology

Briefs: Snow fleas and transplant organs

Researchers have discovered that a potent antifreeze protein (AFP) that protects snow fleas from freezing may allow longer storage of transplant organs. The protein has been isolated and inhibits ice growth, potentially making it possible to store...

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

Brief: Tetrapack

Tetrapak has launched a low-temperature ice-cream innovation based on a unique cold-kneading freezing process that creates fine-structured ice cream of improved quality and paves the way to production of new and healthier products. The Hoyer...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Briefs: 1905: St Michel station the Parisian Métro

Today, freezing is widely used in tunnel construction. However, it was recent technology in 1905 when line No. 4 of the Parisian Métro system was under construction. This was the first line built under the Seine and the works proved difficult...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Briefs: 1905: St Michel station the Parisian Métro

Today, freezing is widely used in tunnel construction. However, it was recent technology in 1905 when line No. 4 of the Parisian Métro system was under construction. This was the first line built under the Seine and the works proved difficult...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Recent applications of CO2 in the food industry

Carbon dioxide has been used in highly advanced applications the food industry for decades. Recent concerns about greenhouse gas emissions are leading manufacturers to use recycled CO2 from other industrial processes. Linde claim they use the...

• Publication date : 2009/08/13

Out of ordinary: Skiing under a hot desert sun

What has been referred to as one of the "biggest refrigerators in the world", Dubai's indoor winter sports centre, designed by Acer Snowmech Consultants, spans 170 000 m3, defying nature and a stifling hot desert sun. In order to create an ideal...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

Biological effects of low temperature

In the past couple of decades, the use of cryosurgery for the treatment of tumours, i.e. destroying abnormal lesions while protecting surrounding tissues, has spread. The biological effects of cryosurgery can be divided into 2 types: early/direct...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

New solar-cooling technology for cooling-freezing

Refrigeration is often based on compressor technology which consumes electricity. A recently developed system making it possible to achieve relatively low temperatures solely using solar energy has been designed by PROMES, a laboratory working...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

The IIR launches a call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!

All professionals in the field of low-temperature technologies are called and are strongly encouraged to strictly adhere to the internationally established and approved definitions, by the International...

• Publication date : 2020/10/02
• Subjects: General information

Call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!

All professionals in the field of low-temperature technologies are called and are strongly encouraged to strictly adhere to the internationally established and approved definitions, by the International...

• Publication date : 2020/09/28
• Subjects: General information

The IIR and the ASHRAE establish new definitions of five keywords in the refrigeration sector

For over a year, a group of experts from the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) have been working together to establish common definitions of...

• Publication date : 2019/03/18

2008, Refrigeration Year

Many events and actions have already been scheduled or have already taken place in various countries in order to celebrate the IIR's centenary and the 100th anniversaries of several national associations of refrigeration (France, the Netherlands,...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

IIR member news: Linde

Linde claims cryogenic freezing allows cookie manufacturers to produce a more consistent product.

• Publication date : 2015/12/08

Activities of the IIR's Commission C1 on Cryobiology and Cryomedicine

Members of the Cryobiology and Cryomedicine Commission (C1) are working hard to reach their 2013-2015 objectives in cryobiology and cryomedicine research; knowledge dissemination; technology transfer and education.

• Publication date : 2013/11/25

Cryogenics and Low-Temperature Physics: New Horizons and Challenges

This Focus written by Ralf Herzog*, President of the IIR’s Cryophysics, Cryoengineering commission (Commission A1) for the Newsletter of the IIR is the third in a series of presentations of the activities and hot research topics handled by the...

• Publication date : 2012/09/21

Supercooling and superchilling: A solution to increased shelf life and reduced food waste?

If these technologies were combined with perfusion chilling for meat and fish, then additional benefits such as rapid cooling, low weight loss and novel products could result.

• Publication date : 2015/10/27

Upcoming cutting-edge IIR events for 2016

IIR conference activities in 2016 show a promising choice of events covering cutting-edge refrigeration themes from refrigerants to energy issues.

• Publication date : 2016/05/25

ICR2015: A stimulating environment for dynamic exchanges

With a focus on improving standards and the quality of life of many worldwide, as well as emphasising the importance of preserving the earth through the advancement of refrigeration applications and technology, ICR2015 is expected to attract a...

• Publication date : 2015/04/08

Cooling Keeps Food Fresh : Global Campaign Announced for World Refrigeration Day, June 26

Since 2019, June 26 celebrates the World Refrigeration Day. With increasing global stakes at hand over the past years, refrigeration took a leading role at the heart of international...

• Publication date : 2022/05/25
• Subjects: Environment

Press release: The IIR International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now freely accessible online

Available in 11 languages, the complete version of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now freely accessible online.

• Publication date : 2018/02/01

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

For IIR members only

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2022/10/12
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2022/06/20
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG