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CO2 hydrate slurry as a secondary refrigerant.

• Author(s) : CHOI J. W., JUNG C. W., KANG Y. T.
• Publication date: 2014/03/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Training, Absorption, Nucleation, Pressure, Hydrate, Hydrate slurry, Refrigerant, Secondary refrigerant, CO2
• Source: International sorption heat pump conference (ISHPC2014), College Park, United States, March 31-April 2, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic assessment of nanofluids as secondary coolants in refrigeration applications: design guidelines for nanofluids developers.

• Author(s) : YEE R. P., HERMES C. J. L.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamic property, Nanofluid, Modelling, Irreversibility, Secondary refrigerant, Heat exchanger
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Aqua ammonia as secondary refrigerant in ice rink applications.

• Author(s) : ROGSTAM J., BOLTEAU S., GRÖNQVIST C., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Temperature difference, Measurement, Ammonia, Thermodynamic property, Sweden, Skating rink, Indirect system, Market, Retrofitting, Secondary refrigerant, Water
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A thermodynamic study of water-based nanosuspensions as secondary heat transfer fluids in refrigeration systems.

• Author(s) : YEE R. P., HERMES C. J. L.
• Publication date: 2018/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, Thermodynamic property, Nanofluid, Modelling, Irreversibility, Secondary refrigerant, Condensation, Heat exchanger
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 89
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic assessment of water-alumina nanofluids as secondary working fluids in refrigeration systems aiming at the external irreversibilities of the cycle.

• Author(s) : PEREIRA R., LOYOLA F. R., DELIMA-SILVA W. Jr, et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, Alumina, Physical property, Modelling, Evaporator, Secondary refrigerant, Condenser, Water
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Management of vapor release in secondary refrigeration processes based on hydrates involving CO2 as guest molecule.

• Author(s) : YOUSSEF Z., FOURNAISON L., DELAHAYE A., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vapour, PCM, Optimization, Indirect system, Modelling, Hydrate slurry, Secondary refrigerant, Heat exchanger, Thermal energy storage
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 98
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Multi-performance assessment of hydrate slurries for secondary refrigeration in a modelled industrial case study.

• Author(s) : SALEHY Y., CHAMI N., CLAIN P., HOANG H. M., DALMAZZONE D., FOURNAISON L., DELAHAYE A.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Hydrate slurry, Secondary refrigerant, CO2, Design, Supermarket, Air conditioning, Energy consumption, Cost, COP, Modelling, LCCP, Environment
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation of thermophysical properties of propylene glycol based secondary fluids for ground source heat pumps and indirect refrigeration systems.

• Author(s) : IGNATOWICZ M., PALM B.
• Publication date: 2024/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Expérimentation, Thermal property, Physical property, Thermodynamic property, Propylene glycol, Ground-source system, Heat pump, Secondary refrigerant, Thermal conductivity, Viscosity, Indirect system
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 163
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Plate heat exchanger design for ice slurry in secondary refrigerant applications: Experimental Validation of a new simulation approach.

• Author(s) : HEFNY S., THOMAS C., STEFFAN C., WENZEL T., HESSE U., SAFARIK M., HONKE M.
• Publication date: 2020/12/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice slurry, Expérimentation, Thermodynamic property, CFD, Heat exchanger, Modelling, Secondary refrigerant, Plate exchanger, Heat transfer, Pressure drop, District cooling, Test rig, Thermal energy storage
• Source: 14^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2020). Proceedings. Kyoto, Japon, December 7-9^th 2020.
• Formats : PDF

Study on application scope for CO2 cascade refrigeration system and CO2 secondary refrigerant system.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : TIAN Y., ZHAO Z., XING Z., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/04
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, R744, Performance, Cascade system, Secondary refrigerant, Compressor, CO2
• Source: Journal of Refrigeration - vol. 37 - n. 168
• Formats : PDF

The study of secondary loop system with efficient and flammable refrigerants in MAC. 

• Author(s) : HWANG I., LEE H., CHOI G., KIM J., OH M.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electric vehicle, Flammability, Mobile air conditioning, R152a, R290, Secondary refrigerant, Test rig, Performance, R1234yf, Comparison, Indirect system
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Dynamic modelling of secondary refrigeration loop with CO2 hydrate slurry.

• Author(s) : DUFOUR T., OIGNET J., ABDALLAH R. ben, et al.
• Publication date: 2016/05/18
• Languages : English
• Source: 11^th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Proceedings: Karlsruhe, Germany, May 18-20, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Evaluation of thermophysical properties of ethyl alcohol based secondary fluids.

• Author(s) : IGNATOWICZ M., MELINDER Å., PALM B.
• Publication date: 2014/08/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal property, Refrigerating system, Physical property, Expérimentation, Ethanol, Denaturation, Secondary refrigerant
• Source: 11^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2014). Proceedings. Hangzhou, China, August 31-September 2, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic modelling of formation/dissociation cycles of two-phase slurries in secondary refrigeration system.

• Author(s) : HOANG H. M., DELAHAYE A., FOURNAISON L., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Training, Thermodynamics, Refrigerating system, Ice slurry, Heat transfer, Modelling, Hydrate, Hydrate slurry, Refrigerant
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Iso-paraffins as low temperature secondary fluids.

• Author(s) : IGNATOWICZ M., SCHONING N., DUFVA S., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/04/23
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Paraffin, Thermodynamic property, Indirect system, Glycol, Expérimentation, Secondary refrigerant
• Source: 5^th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants.
• Formats : PDF

Briefs: A CO2 secondary refrigerant system to test icebreakers

Travelling through the North Pole's ice-capped seas could reduce sea transport distances between Hamburg and Osaka, Japan, or Shanghai, China, for instance, by more than 4000 nautical miles, thus allowing for great time and financial savings. The...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

CO2 is gaining ground in North-American supermarkets

In Canada, according to the shecco “GUIDE 2013: Natural Refrigerants - Market Growth for North America,”over 65 food-retail stores use or have made a purchase order for CO2 secondary, cascade, or transcritical refrigeration systems. CO2 is also...

• Publication date : 2013/08/26

Growing interest in CO2 technology

Scientists and refrigeration practitioners are increasingly interested in carbon dioxide (CO2) technology. The IIR's Fridoc database contains 198 references to articles mentioning CO2 in their titles and 448 containing the term CO2 in the key...

• Publication date : 2004/04/28

Briefs: Sustainable fishery in Namibia

Since November 2009, Hangana Seafood has a new pre-sorting facility in Walvis Bay harbour, Namibia, which uses ammonia as a refrigerant. The 2800 m² sorting facility has a 0°C chill room for holding unsorted fish, two 16°C temperature-controlled...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Briefs: Ice cubes at over 10°C

Ice slurries are well known for their capacity to transport heat within confined systems. Cemagref is currently working on a new type of two-phase secondary refrigerant: a gas-hydrate slurry which could pave the way for applications in the...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Events: c-dig

The latest c-dig (carbon dioxide interest group) meeting took place in Lyon, France, on November 3-4, 2008 and was attended by about 40 researchers, compressor manufacturers and industry stakeholders. It gave an overview of the current state of...

• Publication date : 2009/02/24

Cheers to that!

An innovative brewery refrigeration system that uses natural CO2 gas has been conceived by engineers from the Ziemann Group in collaboration with Axima. This system, which will be of particular interest to large plants with extensive pipe networks...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Briefs: US supermarkets: CO2 gains ground

Being already largely used in Europe, CO2 refrigeration systems might see important development in North American supermarkets. The medium-size retail chain Price Chopper Supermarkets has installed a cascade system using CO2 in the low-temperature...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Integrated CO2-CHP system

Brunel - a UK University - and 14 industrial partners in the commercial refrigeration sector have presented an innovative integrated energy system which has been designed to meet the needs of medium and large supermarkets and can be tailored to...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

Natural refrigerants in emerging countries: South Africa

South Africa is facing an energy shortage and a rise in electricity prices. Natural refrigerants, which have important energy saving potential, are now being introduced, especially in supermarkets. Here are 2 examples: . GTZ has offered technical...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Briefs: Optimized freight hub

A new temperature-controlled freight hub in Christchurch International Airport, New Zealand, was opened by Hellmann Worldwide Logistics on March 12, 2009. "The facility has been predicated on environmental, efficiency and energy-conscious criteria...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Intense competition for the next-generation MAC refrigerant

Less than 3 years before the January 1, 2011 deadline for using fluorinated gases (F-gases) with a GWP higher than 150 in the new models of cars according to the European Directive 2006/40 on emissions from mobile air-conditioning (MAC) systems,...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

New solar-cooling technology for cooling-freezing

Refrigeration is often based on compressor technology which consumes electricity. A recently developed system making it possible to achieve relatively low temperatures solely using solar energy has been designed by PROMES, a laboratory working...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Proper disposal of old appliances

The US Environmental Protection Agency along with 8 partners have launched a new, voluntarily Responsible Appliance Disposal programme to promote environmentally responsible disposal of old refrigerators and freezers, ensuring that CFCs are...

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

Alternative Cooling Technologies conference, London, 1st February 2005

This conference, which was co-sponsored by the UK Institute of Refrigeration and organised commercially by RAC magazine, was well attended with about 140 people present. It was arranged in five sessions. In the first session, speakers from UK...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

New publications: The CD-ROM proceedings of the Vicenza IIR Conferences

The CD-ROM proceedings of the Vicenza IIR Conferences on 1) Commercial Refrigeration and 2) Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants are on sale. They comprise 134 papers. Main topics: 1) display cabinets, energy simulation...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

News from IIR members: MYCOM Mayekawa

The Japanese compressor manufacturer MYCOM Mayekawa will be introducing its high-efficiency NH3/CO2 cooling system NewTon3000 within the context of the Garden City Ammonia Program (GCAP). GCAP is actively promoting CO2 emissions reduction and...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

IIR Conference: Auckland

Innovative Equipment and Systems for Comfort and Food Preservation , an IIR conference, will be held in Auckland, New Zealand, on February 16-18, 2006. Deadlines: June 1, 2005 for abstracts and September 16, 2005 for papers. December 9, 2005:...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Conference update: Sydney

The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia, on April 12-14, 2010. The call for papers and first announcement are now available:

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

International events: GL2008

The 8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids (GL2008) was held in Copenhagen on September 7-10, 2008. The event attracted 397 participants from 32 countries. The initial conferences in the series tended to attract participants...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Conference update: Ohrid

The 3rd IIR event in a series, Ammonia Refrigeration Technology was held on May 7-9, 2009, in Ohrid, Macedonia. With 95 participants from 24 countries and 32 papers presented, the event was very successful. A key focus of this series of...

• Publication date : 2009/05/27

ICR2007 in Beijing

The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) holds Congresses every 4 years. They have two objectives: - a scientific objective: apart from the numerous IIR and IIR-co-sponsored conferences (about 50 over a 4-year period), which are focused...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

New IIR publications: Properties of Secondary Working Fluids for Indirect Systems

This expanded 2nd edition responds to rising use of secondary refrigerant systems used in many applications. It comprises comprehensive data on a number of aqueous solutions of ethylene and propylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol, ammonia, chlorides...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Discover the Encyclopedia of Refrigeration

The IIR is proud to present the newest addition to its portfolio of scientific information products; the Encyclopedia of Refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2022/07/01
• Subjects: General information, Figures, economy, Technology

Hot off the press: Handbook on Indirect Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems

Be the first to read the newly published IIR Handbook on Indirect Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems.

• Publication date : 2015/08/05

The long awaited ICR2015 is underway!

Held every four years, this year ICR2015 welcomes 1,011 conference delegates from 55 countries, making it a truly global refrigeration event.

• Publication date : 2015/08/19

New IIR Informatory Note: Advancements in Supermarket Refrigeration

Download your copy of the latest IIR Informatory Note on “Advancements in Supermarket Refrigeration”

• Publication date : 2018/04/04

Add the latest refrigeration publications to your bookshelf!

Check out the latest IIR publications including CO2 as a Refrigerant, Handbook on Indirect Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems and the 1st IIR International Conference of Cryogenics and Refrigeration Technology (ICCRT 2016).

• Publication date : 2016/09/06

Member news: Mirai Intex releases new high capacity ultra-low temperature refrigeration system

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, has released a new ultra-low temperature (ULT) system based on air-cycle technology, offering high cooling capacity.

• Publication date : 2021/03/09
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Technology

The First Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants unveils its programme

The Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) has just released the programme for the Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants to take place in Birmingham from the 2nd to the 5th of September 2018.

• Publication date : 2018/08/02
• Subjects: Regulation

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams