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IIR document
Atomization characteristics of twin nozzles for outdoor snow-makers application.
Sensitivity of atomization characteristic to operation conditions for air-assisted atomizers in snow-makers.
CO2 refrigeration system for ice production in snow making generators at ambient temperatures above 0°C.
Heat exchanger ejector application in products refrigeration processing.
[In Ukrainian. / En ukrainien.]
Analysis of the characteristics of the gas–liquid mixed artificial snow-making.
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Heat-driven snow production applying ejector and natural refrigerant.
Hitting the slopes on the edge of the desert.
Skier dans le désert.
Ski-ing in the desert.
Caractérisation de la neige produite en soufflerie climatique.
Caractérisation of snow produced in a climatic wind tunnel.
Experimental study and modelling of the crystallization of a water droplet.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
5 results
China: World's largest indoor ski resort applies energy saving measures
Shanghai’s new indoor ski resort relies heavily on refrigeration technologies, including 33 snow-making machines to feed the pistes.
Japan: snow cooling created greater CO2 emissions
An experiment to ship snow from the north of Japan to help reduce the air conditioning load in Tokyo has created CO2 emissions three times greater than the emissions reduction achieved.
UNEP knowledge maps of refrigeration sector organisations and training centres worldwide
UNEP has launched its OzonAction Knowledge Maps tool, which offers access to data and information about relevant stakeholders in the refrigeration sector, including air conditioning and heat pumps (RACHP)...
Global air-to-water heat pump market: modest growth in 2023 amid regional variations
According to JARN, the global air-to-water (ATW) heat pump market increased by 0.2% in 2023, reaching close to 5 million units.
The most ambitious energy efficiency standards compared
The CLASP compared MEPS requirements across ten of the world’s most carbon-intensive economies.
IIR news
1 result
EU project SuperSmart comes to a close: What have we learnt?
Funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, the EU SuperSmart project was launched in February 2016 and recently came to an end. Want to know how to reduce energy consumption in the food retail sector?… SuperSmart...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
7 results
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
