Summary
This handbook, containing 31 articles, has been prepared by GTZ (German Technical Cooperation) on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). It highlights that natural refrigerants may be applied in various systems which previously used R22 and that they have proven to be energy-efficient, economically feasible and environmentally friendly replacements to HCFCs. Extract from the table of contents: policy/legislation of F-gases and alternatives; safety concerns as the main hurdle when implementing natural refrigerants and ways of overcoming them; assessment of natural refrigerants in different applications (application opportunities; application of ammonia heat pump systems for heating and cooling in non-residential buildings; overview and outlook for the application of CO2 in heat pumps; trends and perspectives in supermarket refrigeration; use of hydrocarbons as working fluids in heat pumps and refrigeration equipment; conversion of various HCFC-22 systems to hydrocarbon; experimental assessment of HC-290 as a substitute to HCFC-22 in a window air conditioner); market developments and case studies (the quality of natural refrigerants; phase out of R22 and then what capacity control of refrigeration systems with screw compressors and economizer; propane as an alternative to R22 for small refrigeration systems at high ambient temperatures; design criteria for CO2 evaporators; environmentally friendly refrigeration in the retail trade; refrigeration systems for warm climates using only CO2 as a working fluid; the first CO2 supermarket plant in New Zealand; natural refrigerants in dairy processing, supermarket refrigeration and air conditioning; water chillers with ammonia for building services; green ice cream cabinets; application of hydrocarbon refrigerants in existing large systems; developing a product range for climate- and ozone-friendly technologies).
Details
- Original title: Natural refrigerants: sustainable ozone- and climate-friendly alternatives to HCFCs.
- Record ID : 2008-2366
- Languages: English
- Subject: Regulation, Environment, General information
- Publication: Gtz (deutsche gesellschaft für technische zusammenarbeit) - Germany/Germany
- Publication date: 2008/07
- Source: Source: 402 p. (14.8 x 21); fig.; phot.; tabl.; ref.; index.
Links
- External links:
http://www.epa.gov/greenchill/downloads/en-gtz-proklima-natural-refrigerants.pdf
- See translations: Natural refrigerants: sustainable ozone- and climate-friendly alternatives to HCFCs.
See book excerpts (19)
Indexing
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Themes:
Heat pumps techniques;
Compression systems;
HCFCs;
Compressors;
Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers;
General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…);
Commercial heat pumps;
Ammonia;
Comfort air conditioning;
Refrigerant circulation: piping, control, automation, safety;
Hydrocarbons;
Supermarkets, display cabinets;
Containment, refrigerant charge reduction;
Refrigerants, secondary refrigerants: regulations and standards - Keywords: Regulations; Refrigerating system; Safety; Commercial building; Commercial application; Air conditioner; Recommendation; Ammonia; R22; Supermarket; Substitute; Propane; Heat pump; Hydrocarbon; Evaporator; Case study; Retrofitting; Leakage; Refrigerant; Air conditioning; Heating; Screw compressor; CO2; Climate; Accident
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Natural refrigerants: sustainable ozone- and cl...
- Author(s) : GTZ, BMZ
- Date : 2008/07
- Languages : Russian
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Refrigerants and the risk of asphyxiation.
- Author(s) : PEARSON A. B.
- Date : 2003/11/19
- Languages : English
- Source: Lethal refrigeration: how safe is your system [CD-ROM]?
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R290 leakage mass flow rate from a refrigeratin...
- Author(s) : COLBOURNE D., LIU Z. X.
- Date : 2012/06/25
- Languages : English
- Source: 10th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids (GL2012). Proceedings. Delft, The Netherlands, June 25-27, 2012.
- Formats : PDF
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Indoor leakage test for safety of R-290 split t...
- Author(s) : LI T.
- Date : 2014/04
- Languages : English
- Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 40
- Formats : PDF
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Accidents and critical situations due to uninte...
- Author(s) : LUNDE H., LORENTZEN G.
- Date : 1994/05/10
- Languages : English
- Source: New Applications of Natural Working Fluids in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
- Formats : PDF
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