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IIR document

Use of coolants at phase transition for foodstuffs refrigeration.

• Author(s) : BELOZEROV G., MEDNIKOVA N., PYTCHENKO V., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food, Chilling, Performance, Expérimentation, Secondary refrigerant, Change of phase
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Verification of a simple product weight loss model for refrigerated storage of foods.

• Author(s) : PHIMOLSIRIPOL Y., LOVE R. J., CLELAND D. J.
• Publication date: 2014/06/23
• Languages : English
• Source: 3^rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: London, UK, June 23-25, 2014
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Challenges of effective chilling of Atlantic salmon in refrigerated sea water: field tests.

• Author(s) : TOLSTOREBROV I., WIDELL K. N., NORDTVEDT T. S., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Enhancement of performance of a refrigerated locker by the addition of phase change material.

• Author(s) : LI X. Y., YAN S. Q., FAN B. W., YAO Y., CHEN J., ZHAO Y. F.
• Publication date: 2020/08/26
• Languages : English
• Source: 6^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Nantes, France, August 26-28 2020
• Formats : PDF, Video

IIR document

Numerical investigation of heat and mass transport in a refrigerated vegetable crisper with natural convection.

• Author(s) : KOCATÜRK S., EGRICAN A. N.
• Publication date: 2014/06/23
• Languages : English
• Source: 3^rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: London, UK, June 23-25, 2014
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in refrigerated fresh orange juice treated with cinnamon leaf essential oil and thermo-sonication.

• Author(s) : SÁNCHEZ-RUBIO M., TABOADA-RODRÍGUEZ A., CAVARODA R., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Diseño y control de un sistema de refrigeración de amoniaco para la refrigeración de alto rendimeniento con baja energía y sin condensación de canales de vacuno.

Ammonia refrigeration system design and control for low energy, condensation free, high yield beef carcass chilling.

• Author(s) : VISSER K.
• Publication date: 2014/02
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Chilled food, Meat, Design, Beef, Ammonia, Weight loss, Energy saving, Control (generic), Condensation
• Source: Frío Calor Aire acondicionado - vol. 42 - n. 466
• Formats : PDF

Control del viraje de color en etiquetas tiempo-temperatura para verificación de la cadena de frío en productos refrigerados.

Control of colour shift on time-temperature labels for cold chain verification of refrigerated products.

• Author(s) : ZABALA GONZALEZ S.
• Publication date: 2020/11/11
• Languages : Spanish
• Source: X Congreso Ibérico y VIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2020.
• Formats : PDF

Modélisation de l'histoire thermique et microbiologique d'un produit réfrigéré dans la chaîne du froid.

Modelling the thermal and microbiological history of a refrigerated product in the cold chain.

• Author(s) : LAGUERRE O., DURET S., HOANG H. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/05
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Contamination, Cold chain, Chilled food, Microbiology, Refrigerated transport, Display cabinet, Temperature, Household refrigerator, Modelling
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - vol. 104 - n. 1143

Chapter 20 - Chilling and Freezing

• Author(s) : JAMES S. J., JAMES C.
• Publication date: 2014
• Languages : English

IIR document

Development of novel air distributor for precise control of cooling capacity delivery in multi-compartment indirect cooling household refrigerators.

• Author(s) : LI Z., DING G., MIAO S., HAN X.
• Publication date: 2020/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Household refrigerator, Chilling, Food application, Indirect system, Cooling capacity, Air distribution, Expérimentation, Prototype
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 119
• Formats : PDF

Pervaporation Membrane for Refrigerator Vegetable Tray Applications.

• Author(s) : ZERBY J., BAHAR B., BORTOLETTO A.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vegetable, Chilling, Humidity, Relative humidity, Control (generic), Membrane, Refrigerator, Testing, Expérimentation, Performance
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Analysis of CO2 based refrigeration systems with and without ejector for simultaneous pasteurization and chilling of milk.

• Author(s) : AHAMMED E., BHATTACHARYYA S., RAMGOPAL M.
• Publication date: 2018/11
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 95
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study of convective heat transfer and chilling kinetics of Atlantic salmon in refrigerated sea water: experiments and modelling.

• Author(s) : TOLSTOREBROV I., EIKEVIK T. M., WIDELL K. N., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Life cycle assessment of salmon cold chains: comparison between chilling and superchilling technologies.

• Author(s) : HOANG H. M., LEDUCQ D., BROWN T., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Cool brick, a clue for natural refrigeration in desert environments.

Virgina San Fratello and Ronald Rael have potentially found a way to cool indoor air temperatures in desert environments.

• Publication date : 2017/03/05

Refrigerant news: Refrigerant shortage

The refrigeration sector is facing a shortage of R134a, employed as a refrigerant or as a component used in the making of R404A. This is due to several factors: a lack of raw materials, the stopping of production of factories in Asia, low...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Fake refrigerants cause havoc

A series of reefer explosions could have been caused by impure refrigerants

• Publication date : 2012/03/19

Refrigerants Naturally

During the conference Refrigerants Naturally held by UNEP and Greenpeace on June 22, 2004 in Brussels, Belgium, three companies reported on their global environmental actions and presented their objectives in this field: - Coca-Cola (Jeff...

• Publication date : 2004/11/10

BOC’s refrigerants team

According to BOC's refrigerants team, one in three plants runs on contaminatedrefrigerant. BOC's team tested over 50 industrial installations and found that 36% of refrigerant blends tested did not meet specifications and required complete...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

Incidents with fake refrigerants

Incidents involving fake refrigerants have hit the headlines on various occasions recently. The incidents often involve R40 (methyl chloride), a hazardous chemical compound, or other substances.

• Publication date : 2012/08/17

Refrigerants: R-422A

ISCEON®79, a refrigerant manufactured by Rhodia UK, now has an ASHRAE designation: R-422A. A safety classification of A1 (non-toxic / non-flammable) is recommended, subject to public review. Presented at IKK in Nuremberg, Germany, on October...

• Publication date : 2004/11/10

Briefs: Illegal refrigerants

Over 108 tonnes of illegal refrigerant have been seized by customs officers around the world in a special operation code-named Sky-hole Patching II. The joint operation by the World Customs Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

New NIST screening method for refrigerants

Researchers from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed a computational method to identify candidate low-GWP refrigerant fluids. The method identified 1234 promising low-GWP chemicals among 56 203 considered.

• Publication date : 2012/11/20

BOC Refrigerants acquire CARE®

On January 31, 2005, BOC announced that it had completed a deal with Calor Gas Limited to purchase the company's CARE® range if environmentally sensitive refrigerants. The deal also includes Calor's UK aerosol propellants business and sales,...

• Publication date : 2005/03/15

Australia: Code of Practice for Flammable Refrigerants

Faced with the rising use of flammable refrigerants, AIRAH has issued a draft Code of Practice for handling these gases.

• Publication date : 2013/09/12
• Subjects: Regulation

Natural refrigerants in developing countries

Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) is helping developing countries accelerate the phase-out of ozone-depleting refrigerants. It recently published a report comprising over 30 articles from government, industry and academia, and...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Natural refrigerants in emerging countries: GTZ

Within the International Climate Initiative, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) is implementing a project aiming to introduce R290 (propane) room air-conditioning systems in China in order to replace HCFC-22. Endowed...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

European Union: insufficient training on low-GWP refrigerants

Within the context of the revision of the EU F-gas Regulation that could include measures in favour of decreased use of HFCs in refrigerating equipment, AREA sought an overview of the availability and level of training regarding low-GWP and in...

• Publication date : 2012/05/03

Guide 2013: Natural Refrigerants - Market Growth for North America

The new Guide 2013: Natural Refrigerants - Market Growth for North America gives an overview of the status of ammonia, CO2, hydrocarbons, water and air as refrigerants in various sectors (food chain, city & buildings, transport, and industry...

• Publication date : 2013/05/06

Student Competition at Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants

The organising committee of the IIR International Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants is delighted to announce the introduction of an award for the best paper by a student author at the 2018 event.

• Publication date : 2017/11/20

Special issue of the International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR) on boiling and condensation of refrigerants

A landmark special issue of the International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR) on boiling and condensation of refrigerants has just been published.

• Publication date : 2013/03/29

4th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Process of Refrigerants: a very successful event

The 4th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Process of Refrigerants (TPTPR) was held at TU Delft, the Netherlands, on June 16-19, 2013. 4 keynote lectures and 66 papers were presented during this highy successful...

• Publication date : 2013/08/12

New publications: Ammonia as a Refrigerant

The new version of the IIR's guide Ammonia as a Refrigerant has just been published! It was prepared by Dr A.B. Pearson, member of IIR Commission E1. The overarching aim is to enhance decision-makers', designers', fitters' and end-users' knowledge...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction

1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Antony, France, on April 6-7, 2009. Contact helene.macchi@cemagref.fr to register and present a paper

• Publication date : 2009/02/13

Cold off the press: CO2 as a Refrigerant

The new IIR technical guide on the application of “CO2 as a Refrigerant" is now available from our online bookstore.

• Publication date : 2015/01/21

IIR Working Party on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems: Join Us!

Suitable design of refrigerating systems has several benefits in terms of limitation of the environmental impact thanks to a reduction in the energy consumption and the limitation of refrigerant emissions. The direct greenhouse effect accounts for...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

The proceedings CD-ROM of the 3rd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Valencia are on sale!

The proceedings CD-ROM comprising 8 plenary presentations, 13 papers, and 2 industrial PowerPoint presentations are on sale on the IIR's Web site (Publications/Bookshop section)

• Publication date : 2013/02/21

A new book on natural refrigerants

The English version of a book by three German authors on the applications and practical recommendations of natural refrigerants has just been published by the IIR on its website. 

• Publication date : 2023/09/22
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New IIR Informatory Note on Containment of Refrigerants

Currently available for IIR members only, the 24th IIR Informatory Note “Containment of Refrigerants within Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems” is out.

• Publication date : 2014/01/21

New IIR Informatory Note. Low-GWP Refrigerants: Status and Outlook

The latest IIR Informatory Note outlines the options available for low-GWP refrigerants and their respective performance. It provides a series of recommendations on refrigerant...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Daikin launches educational initiative on next-generation refrigerants

Daikin Comfort Technologies partners with the ESCO Institute to prepare the HVAC industry for the use of low global warming potential refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2024/10/25
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New IIR conference on the application of HFO Refrigerants

From September 2 to 5, 2018 in Birmingham (UK), the Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) will host the inaugural IIR International Conference on the application of HFO Refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2017/09/05

Discover the 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants”

The 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants” provides a comprehensive introduction to matters such as flammability characteristics, classifications and governing rules such as safety standards and regulations covering the entire...

• Publication date : 2018/02/07

The First Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants unveils its programme

The Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) has just released the programme for the Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants to take place in Birmingham from the 2nd to the 5th of September 2018.

• Publication date : 2018/08/02
• Subjects: Regulation

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG