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Numerical Study on Flow and Heat Transfer of Supercritical Hydrocarbon Fuel in Curved Cooling Channel.

• Author(s) : ZHANG Y., CAO Y., GONG K., LIU S., WANG L., CHEN Z.
• Publication date: 2022/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Aircraft, Secondary refrigerant, Hydrocarbon, Fuel (vehicles), Heat transfer, Modelling, Cooling, Simulation, Thermodynamic cycle
• Source: Applied Sciences - vol. 12 - n. 5
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Optimizing lubricants for hydrocarbon refrigerant applications.

• Author(s) : KARNAZ J., SEETON C., DIXON L.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Lubricant, Optimization, Hydrocarbon, Oil, Expérimentation, Refrigerant, Compressor
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Optimization of a vapor injection refrigeration cycle using hydrocarbon mixed refrigerants.

• Author(s) : ROCHA DE CARVALHO S. M., PAROLIN MASSUCHETTO L. H., CORREA DO NASCIMENTO R. B., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vapour, Simulation, Optimization, Mixture, Injection, Hydrocarbon, Cycle
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 98
• Formats : PDF

Research status of hydrocarbons as refrigerants on large and medium-sized commercial equipment.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : ZHONG Z., HU J., LI X., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/02
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Commercial application, Hydrocarbon, Equipment, Refrigerant, Refrigerant charge
• Source: Journal of Refrigeration - vol. 36 - n. 161
• Formats : PDF

Les hydrocarbures comme nouveaux fluides dans les machines à absorption.

Using hydrocarbons as new fluids in absorption systems.

• Author(s) : SCOLAN S., SOCHARD S., SERRA S., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/01
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Design, Absorption, Modelling, Hydrocarbon, Distillation
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - n.1161

Review of hydrocarbon lubricants behaviour.

• Author(s) : GINIES P., DEWITTE P., TERRIER M. F., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/07/14
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Viscosity, Solubility, Measurement, Lubricant, Miscibility, Hydrocarbon, Expérimentation, Refrigerant, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 2014 Purdue Conferences. 15th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Hydrocarbon refrigerants through the ages.

• Author(s) : COLBOURNE D.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Hydrocarbon, History, Safety, Flammability, Regulations, Standard
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Retrofit assessment of refrigerator using hydrocarbon refrigerants.

• Author(s) : YU C. C., TENG T. P.
• Publication date: 2014/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R600a, Capillary tube, Household refrigerator, R290, Mixture, Hydrocarbon, Retrofitting, Refrigerant
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 66 - n. 1-2

The application analysis of hydrocarbons as refrigerants on small commercial freezers.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : ZHONG Z., HU J., FENG H., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/04
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, Comparison, Commercial application, Performance, Hydrocarbon, Freezer
• Source: Journal of Refrigeration - vol. 36 - n. 162
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Global warming potential of hydrocarbon refrigerants.

• Author(s) : COLBOURNE D., VONSILD A.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R600a, R1270, Calculation, R601, R290, R170, Hydrocarbon, GWP
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Hydrocarbons solutions for hermetically sealed light-commercial refrigerating systems.

• Author(s) : MELO C.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Safety, Commercial refrigerator, Commercial application, Low GWP, Review, Hydrocarbon, Refrigerant
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Hydrocarbon heat pumps – a European perspective.

• Author(s) : PALM B.
• Publication date: 2024/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pump, Hydrocarbon, Propane, Isobutane, F-gas (fluorinated gas), Market, Europe
• Source: 16^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2024). Proceedings. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, August 11-14 2024
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Optimization of correlations for tube bundles during boiling heat transfer with hydrocarbons.

• Author(s) : WANG Y., LUKE A., ESTIOT E.
• Publication date: 2014/08/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Tube bundle, Correlation, Heat transfer, Optimization, Hydrocarbon, Convection, Boiling
• Source: 11^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2014). Proceedings. Hangzhou, China, August 31-September 2, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

Impact of standards on hydrocarbon refrigerants in Europe.

• Author(s) : SKACANOVA K., GKIZELIS A., BELLUOMINI D., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Standardization, Safety, Commercial application, Heat pump, Market, Hydrocarbon, Refrigerant
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Scroll compressor modelling for heat pumps using hydrocarbons as refrigerants.

• Author(s) : BYRNE P., GHOUBALI R., MIRIEL J.
• Publication date: 2014/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R407C, Prototype, Heat pump, Modelling, Hydrocarbon, Refrigerant, Scroll compressor
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 41
• Formats : PDF

Refrigerant news: Hydrocarbons in MAC in Oz

An Australian vehicle manufacturer of OKA four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles has announced that it is the first manufacturer in the world to use hydrocarbon refrigerants for the air-conditioning systems of its vehicles. The manufacturer been...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

China evaluates the real risks of hydrocarbons

According to JARN, China intends to switch half its production of split air conditioners to propane in order to meet the objectives of the HCFC Phase-Out Management Plan by 2015.This involved identifying potential leakage points and using...

• Publication date : 2012/09/30

Are hydrocarbons in room air conditioners risky?

A team from GIZ Proklima used quantitative risk assessment tools to estimate the severity and frequency of ignition HC-600a (iso-butane) and HC-290 split air conditioners and domestic refrigerators.

• Publication date : 2015/02/12

Hydrocarbons as refrigerants in air conditioning

Presentation of several initiatives to develop the use of hydrocarbon refrigerants – especially propane – in air conditioning in India, Indonesia, Ghana, Costa Rica and the Philippines.

• Publication date : 2019/11/29

US: EPA expands the use of 4 hydrocarbons and R32

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently authorised the use of four hydrocarbon refrigerants and R32 in various applications.

• Publication date : 2015/06/19

US EPA proposes acceptance of hydrocarbons and R32 in 6 applications

The US EPA has proposed a range of acceptable uses for hydrocarbon refrigerants – R600a, R290, R170 and R441A along with R32 under the EPA’s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)

• Publication date : 2014/09/08
• Subjects: Regulation

US: EPA approves 3 hydrocarbon refrigerants for household and commercial uses

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has added 3 hydrocarbons as acceptable alternatives in household refrigerators and freezers, combination refrigerator-freezers, and commercial stand-alone units through EPA’s Significant New...

• Publication date : 2012/02/13
• Subjects: Regulation

Shenzhen: China's first pilot city for hydrocarbon air conditioning

The city of Shenzhen is a pioneering the commercial application of hydrocarbon refrigerants to replace HCFCs in air conditioning.

• Publication date : 2012/09/11

Expanding market for hydrocarbon compressors

Several compressor makers are introducing new models operating with hydrocarbon refrigerants. For example ComStar International Inc., will offer compressors with the newly approved R-441A (HCR 188C), patented blend of ethane, propane, butane and...

• Publication date : 2011/06/15

Charge minimization in hydrocarbon systems

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). It presents the results of the project to minimize charge in a R290 system that has 1-1.5 kW refrigeration capacity. Currently, there are many guidelines...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

Briefs: Hydrocarbon refrigerators soon in the US?

General Electric announced that it had submitted information to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in connection with a request for approval to use isobutane, a hydrocarbon, as a refrigerant in household refrigerators. The petition was...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

New hydrocarbon-based refrigerant option for replacing R22

RED TEK® 22a, a hydrocarbon-based refrigerant from Thermofluid Technologies, is a blend of environmentally safe hydrocarbon fluids designed as a direct replacement and retrofit refrigerant option for replacing R22 refrigerants in commercial...

• Publication date : 2011/06/08

Briefs: Largest ever hydrocarbon chiller in the UK

The largest ever hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerant AC application in the UK has been installed at Church House close to the Houses of Parliament in Westminster. It is based on a 600 kW water chiller, part of a range of HC chillers developed by...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

UK: hydrocarbon-blown insulation foam to be considered as hazardous waste

The UK Environment Agency has advised that all waste refrigerator insulation foam produced using a hydrocarbon blowing agent should be considered highly flammable and, as such, should be classified as hazardous waste.

• Publication date : 2013/05/15

The use of hydrocarbon refrigerants in Europe

The report "Impact of standards on hydrocarbon refrigerants in Europe" reviews the various uses of hydrocarbons in refrigeration, as well as the obstacles to their utilisation.

• Publication date : 2018/11/22
• Subjects: Regulation

IIR publishes a new Technical Brief: Domestic heat pumps using hydrocarbons - Current status and market overview in Europe

At a time when the energy transition is at the top of the global agenda, the IIR is publishing a new Technical Brief on domestic hydrocarbon heat pumps. This strategic document...

• Publication date : 2024/11/21
• Subjects: Figures, economy

IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference 2018 attracts its largest number of participants yet

With a focus on natural refrigerants, principally ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, the 13th conference in the series attracted the largest number of participants yet, welcoming an impressive 300 individuals from 45 different countries and...

• Publication date : 2018/07/03

Another successful IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference 2016

Dedicated to natural refrigerants, mainly ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, Gustav Lorentzen 2016 was a great success attracting over 270 people and more than 145 papers from leading international researchers and industrialists.

• Publication date : 2016/09/14

IIR member news: AFF

The French Association of Refrigeration (AFF) recently published an online study evaluating current availability of training for CO2, ammonia and hydrocarbon refrigerants, as well as needs assessment.

• Publication date : 2014/11/24
• Subjects: Environment

News from IIR members: ARTI

ARTI, the research arm of AHRI (the Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute), has contracted with a consulting firm in order to review the regulatory barriers and issues concerning low-GWP refrigerants including CO2, ammonia and...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Conference reports: Sydney

The 9th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids was held in Sydney, Australia, on April 12-14, 2010. Almost 200 participants from 28 countries were able to gain an insight into this increasingly mature technology. The proceedings...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Conference update: Sydney

The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia, on April 12-14, 2010. The call for papers and first announcement are now available:

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

International events: GL2008

The 8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids (GL2008) was held in Copenhagen on September 7-10, 2008. The event attracted 397 participants from 32 countries. The initial conferences in the series tended to attract participants...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

The Mostra Convegno exhibition

In March 2018 the IIR participated in one of the biggest exhibitions on refrigeration technologies, Mostra Convegno, which took place, as always, in Milan.

• Publication date : 2018/04/19

ICR 2011 in Prague: a Resounding Success

The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration held in Prague, on August 21-26, 2011, was highly successful...

• Publication date : 2011/08/30

IIR Research Priorities

The IIR decided, within the framework of its Strategic Plan, to draw up a list of research priorities for the future. It hopes that these priorities will be a valuable guiding force for decision-makers in the public and private research sectors,...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Daikin launches educational initiative on next-generation refrigerants

Daikin Comfort Technologies partners with the ESCO Institute to prepare the HVAC industry for the use of low global warming potential refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2024/10/25
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New IIR Informatory Note. Low-GWP Refrigerants: Status and Outlook

The latest IIR Informatory Note outlines the options available for low-GWP refrigerants and their respective performance. It provides a series of recommendations on refrigerant...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Two IIR Informatory Notes on hot topics

The IIR has recently published two Informatory Notes on high-stakes subjects: flammable refrigerants and the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence in refrigeration and air...

• Publication date : 2023/09/22
• Subjects: Technology, HFCs alternatives

Activities of the IIR’s Commission B2 on Refrigerating Equipment

The IIR’s Commission B2, which includes 70 experts from 25 IIR member countries on all continents, is extremely active and participates in many IIR activities aimed at promoting knowledge of refrigeration technologies and their applications...

• Publication date : 2014/11/20

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs