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Evaluación de riesgos de los acondicionadores de aire R22 usando R290.

Risk assessment of R22 air conditioners using R290.

• Author(s) : COLBOURNE D., HUEHREN R., SUEN K. O.
• Publication date: 2018/02
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Safety, R290, R22, Flammability, Retrofitting, Refrigerant, Air conditioning
• Source: Frío Calor Aire acondicionado - vol. 46 - n. 510
• Formats : PDF

Performance of R410A and R22 low GWP alternative refrigerants at elevated ambient temperatures.

• Author(s) : SCHULTZ K.
• Publication date: 2014/07/14
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R410A, Air conditioner, Chiller, R22, Substitute, Performance, GWP, Expérimentation, Refrigerant
• Source: 2014 Purdue Conferences. 15th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Refrigerant replacement of an ice flaker machine from R22 to a new alternative.

• Author(s) : AGUILO R. R.
• Publication date: 2017/04/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Argentina, R22, Fishing, Developing country, HFO, HFC, Retrofitting, HCFC
• Source: Sustainable management of refrigeration technologies in marine and off-shore fisheries sectors.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Boiling heat transfer performance of three internally enhanced tubes using R22.

• Author(s) : OUYANG X., CHEN J., LI T.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, Tube, Heat transfer, R22, Performance, Expérimentation, Refrigerant, Boiling
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Management guideline for the phase-out of refrigerant R22: impact and strategies for building owners, operators and maintainers.

• Publication date: 2015
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Regulations, Recommendation, Australia, R22, Substitute, Retrofitting, Refrigerant

Experimental study on condensation heat transfer of R32, R152a and R22 in horizontal minichannels.

• Author(s) : LIU N., LI J.
• Publication date: 2015/11/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat transfer, R32, R22, R152a, Expérimentation, Condensation
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 90

IIR document

Low GWP R22 replacement for air conditioning in high ambient conditions.

• Author(s) : SETHI A., BECERRA E. V., YANA-MOTTA S. F., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, R407C, Low GWP, R22, Substitute, Performance, Middle East, Environment, Air conditioning
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 57
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experiences in renewal of cold storage facilities from R22 to NH3/CO2 in Japan.

• Author(s) : KAWAMURA K.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Comparison, R744, Ammonia, R22, Cold storage, Energy saving, Secondary refrigerant, CO2
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation on minichannel parallel flow condenser performance with R22, R410A and R407C.

• Author(s) : QI Z.
• Publication date: 2016/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R410A, R407C, R22, Performance, Expérimentation, Parallel flow, Refrigerant, Condenser
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 72
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic performance of air conditioners working with R417A and R424A as alternatives to R22.

• Author(s) : ORUÇ V., DEVECIOGLU A. G.
• Publication date: 2015/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, Split system, Exergy, Air conditioner, R22, Substitute, Performance, COP, R417a
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 55
• Formats : PDF

I refrigeranti alternativi ad uso commerciale. La sostituzione dell'R22: 2015 refrigerante estinto.

Alternative refrigerants for commercial use. Replacing R22: a missing refrigerant in 2015.

• Author(s) : RAJENDRAN R.
• Publication date: 2014
• Languages : Italian
• Keywords : R1234yf, Generality, Commercial application, Ammonia, R22, Substitute, Propane, HFC, Refrigerant, CO2
• Source: Industria & Formazione - vol. 38 - n. 380
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study on the optimum ratio of R22/R23/R14 self-cascade refrigeration system.

• Author(s) : ZHENG D., LI M. L., FENG S., XIONG X., CHEN S.
• Publication date: 2020/08/26
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Mixture, Thermodynamic property, Cascade system, Optimization, Modelling, Expérimentation, R22, R23, R14
• Source: 6^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Nantes, France, August 26-28 2020
• Formats : PDF, Video

IIR document

Numerical-based non-dimensional analysis of critical flow of R-12, R-22, and R-134a through horizontal capillary tubes.

• Author(s) : JAVIDMAND P., HOFFMANN K. A.
• Publication date: 2015/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Two-phase flow, R134a, Horizontal tube, Capillary tube, R22, R12
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 58
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Application of an HFO blend (R-449A) in flooded R-22 chillers.

• Author(s) : SNYDER D., ALLGOOD C., PANSULLA A.
• Publication date: 2021/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : HFO, Skating rink, Mixture, Flooded evaporator, Chiller, Industrial application, Retrofitting, R22, R449A, Expérimentation, Ice making plant, Substitute
• Source: 2^nd IIR Conference on HFO Refrigerants and Low GWP Blends
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Charge reduction for a R22 split air conditioner operated with R290 under DT and ETB conditions.

• Author(s) : SARAVANAN A. L., MOHAN LAL D., DURAISAMY A.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Split system, Safety, R290, R22, Performance, Air conditioning, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

EPA finalizes R22 phaseout plan

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently announced a final phase down schedule regarding production and importation of HCFC-22 refrigerant.

• Publication date : 2015/03/18
• Subjects: Regulation

Replacement plan for R22 chillers at Canberra's Parliament.

Australia is committed to drastically phasing out HCFCs as from 2016.

• Publication date : 2015/10/15

New hydrocarbon-based refrigerant option for replacing R22

RED TEK® 22a, a hydrocarbon-based refrigerant from Thermofluid Technologies, is a blend of environmentally safe hydrocarbon fluids designed as a direct replacement and retrofit refrigerant option for replacing R22 refrigerants in commercial...

• Publication date : 2011/06/08

USA: EPA proposes final phase-out schedule for R22

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently released its proposal for the final phase-out timeline of R22.

• Publication date : 2014/02/25
• Subjects: Regulation

Toshiba offers rugby tickets for R22 survey.

Toshiba conducts market research on R22 systems within the UK and Ireland.

• Publication date : 2015/02/02

Kenyan fish processing facility upgrades from R22 to ammonia

East Africa Sea Foods (EASF), a fish processing facility in Kenya, recently replaced its aging R22 refrigeration system with a two-stage ammonia system.

• Publication date : 2020/04/05
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Developing country

What are the options for companies still using R22?

An article published in the British ACR Journal discusses the options available to companies still using R22 refrigerant.

• Publication date : 2017/05/05
• Subjects: Regulation

R32, a short-term candidate to replace R22 in China?

HFC-32 attracted attention during ICR2011 in Prague: it was the subject of 12 papers. It is the main component of HFC-410A with which it shares similar thermodynamic properties, but at a lower price and with a lower GWP (675).

• Publication date : 2011/12/27

UK: 48% of pre-2004 air conditioners still on R22

A contractor’s survey of over 2,500 customers who bought air conditioners prior to 2004 found that nearly half of the systems are still operating on R22.

• Publication date : 2014/07/10

R22 and R134a emissions double, even triple, in summer

In a recent article published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, B. Xiang et al. present the results of in situ observations of R22 and R134a taken from research aircraft over the Pacific Ocean combined with long-term ground...

• Publication date : 2015/02/19

Briefs: Middle East - DuPont expresses anger over counterfeit R22 and R134a refrigerants

DuPont has set up a task force to help local authorities deal with refrigerant counterfeits in the Middle East, it claims are potentially harmful. Pascal Faidy, business manager at DuPont Fluorochemical Refrigerants, claims they were dangerous for...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Costco to pay USD 335,000 for R22 leaks

In a settlement announced in September 2014 by the US EPA and Department of Justice, Costco Wholesale Corporation, the second largest US retailer, will have to pay USD 335,000 in penalties and to improve refrigerant management at 274 stores.

• Publication date : 2014/11/19

R290 units in Vietnam's cold stores delivering 20-25% efficiency gains over R22.

As part of a UNIDO project implemented in Vietnam, R290 units were installed in four companies to replace previous R22-based systems.

• Publication date : 2017/02/09

R410A/R22 alternatives for AC in high-ambient temperature environments: R32 and R290

The final US Oak Ridge National Laboratory report – presented during MOP27 in Dubaï – compares the performance of low-GWP alternative refrigerants to HFC R410A in mini-split air conditioners (ACs) under high-ambient-temperature conditions.

• Publication date : 2016/05/11

Performance of R32 and R290 as alternatives to R22 and R410A in domestic air conditioning

According to the authors, regardless of the capacity difference, R290 could be considered as the most appropriate substitute in air conditioners with small finned tube heat exchangers

• Publication date : 2014/09/25

INDEE+ Seminar at REFCOLD 2022

The first INDEE+ seminar gathering all the project partners and key Indian stakeholders took place at REFCOLD 2022 in Ahmedabad (Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India).  

• Publication date : 2023/01/26

Happy New Year 2022!

Best wishes from the IIR.

• Publication date : 2021/12/23

Gustav Lorentzen conference 2022

After two years of pandemic during which the conferences were either cancelled or held online, the IIR had the pleasure of organising a conference on site, in Norway. It was attended by 332 participants. The...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08

ICCC2022 – Call for abstracts extended!

Due to an unprecedented number of requests, the call for 7th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain has been extended to October 24 at 5pm BST.

• Publication date : 2021/10/08
• Subjects: Technology

A look back at Chillventa 2022

The IIR was present at this year’s Chillventa exhibition held in Nuremberg from October 10 to 12. This was also the venue for the WorldSkills Competition in the field of refrigeration and air...

• Publication date : 2022/10/27

CYTEF 2022 attracts nearly 200 participants

Held in hybrid format from Cartagena (Spain), CYTEF 2022 attempted to analyse and discuss, in particular, "Synergistic technologies to advance sustainable refrigeration".

• Publication date : 2022/04/27

ICCC2022 - early bird rate ending soon

Only seven days left to take advantage of early bird rates for the 7th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC 2022).

• Publication date : 2022/02/18
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Developing country, Environment

IIR website: best downloads in 2022

Discover the three most popular IIR publications in 2022. The focus is on the economy, women in refrigeration, and the carbon footprint of the cold chain. 

• Publication date : 2023/01/24
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Environment

ICCC2022 to be held as a virtual conference

The 7th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain will now be held from 11 to 13 April 2022 as a virtual event allowing even more delegates to take part in this highly topical...

• Publication date : 2021/10/13

Healthcare ColDays 2022: innovations in refrigeration and health

The French Association of Refrigeration (Association Française du Froid) is organising a day dedicated to the latest technical and scientific developments in the field of refrigeration and health on 26 April...

• Publication date : 2022/02/04

Conference programme now available for ICCC 2022

In addition to three keynote sessions, the event will gather over 50 presentations, three workshops and several coffee lounges discussions looking at new ways to tackle questions around sustainability and the...

• Publication date : 2022/03/24
• Subjects: Developing country, General information

Past events: The IIR around the world, october 2022

A look back at the latest events in which the IIR participated.

• Publication date : 2022/10/27

Past events: The IIR around the world, December 2022

IIR's participation in MOP 34 and the SIFA fair in Lyon.

• Publication date : 2022/12/13

CIAR 2022 in Lisbon – Call for abstracts ends October 1!

From May 4-6, 2022, the Portuguese capital of Lisbon will be the stage for the long-awaited event in the air conditioning sector; CIAR 2022 - XVI Ibero-American Congress of Air Conditioning and...

• Publication date : 2021/08/27
• Subjects: Technology

Now available: IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference Papers 2022

Download one or all of the 170 technical papers from the 15th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants!

• Publication date : 2023/05/02
• Subjects: General information

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG