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R134a Flow Boiling Heat transfer on an Electrically Heated Carbon/Carbon Surface.

• Author(s) : DORETTI L., MANCIN S., ZILIO C., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, Carbon, Measurement, Heat transfer, Surface, Flow boiling
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets.

• Author(s) : EVANS J. A., MAIDMENT G. G., BROWN T., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Technology, Energy consumption, Reduction, Supermarket, Modelling, Carbon footprint, Leakage
• Source: 4^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Auckland, New Zealand, April 7-9, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Design of a gas-fired carbon-ammonia adsorption heat pump.

• Author(s) : RIVERO PACHO A., METCALF S., CRITOPH R., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Carbon, Design, Ammonia, Adsorption, Heat pump, Modelling
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Huella de carbono del transporte refrigerado.

The carbon footprint of refrigerated transport.

• Author(s) : RASINES L., SAN MIGUEL G., ARTÉS-HERNÁNDEZ F., AGUAYO E.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Refrigerated transport, CO2 emission, Diesel, Electric vehicle, Life cycle, Carbon footprint, Calculation
• Source: XI Congreso Ibérico y IX Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Visualization and measurement of adsorption and desorption process in activated carbon/ethanol pair adsorber.

• Author(s) : MURATA K., ASANO H., SAITO Y.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Carbon, Measurement, Adsorption, Adsorber, Ethanol, Desorption, Refrigerant
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Extraction of heat transfer parameters in active carbon-ammonia large temperature jump experiments.

• Author(s) : JEGEDE O. O., CRITOPH R. E.
• Publication date: 2016/02/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal property, Carbon, Ammonia, Physical property, Sorption, Simulation
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 95

Dispersion stability of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in refrigerant with addition of surfactant.

• Author(s) : LIN L., PENG H., DING G.
• Publication date: 2015/12/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Nanotube, Carbon, R141b, Stability, Nanorefrigerant, Expérimentation, Refrigerant, Distribution
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 91

Solder transfer of carbon nanotube microfin coolers to ceramic chips.

• Author(s) : MÄKLIN J., HALONEN N., PITKÄNEN O., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electronics, Ceramics, Carbon, Microfin tube, Heat transfer, Cooling, Expérimentation
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 65 - n. 1-2

Design of a gas-fired carbon-ammonia adsorption heat pump.

• Author(s) : METCALF S., RIVERO PACHO A., CRITOPH R.
• Publication date: 2017/08/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Generator, Carbon, Ammonia, Air-source system, Adsorption, Heat pump, Expérimentation, COP
• Source: International sorption heat pump conference, ISHPC 2017, Tokyo august 7-10.

IIR document

Transient simulation of finned tube type adsorber employing activated carbon-ethanol as adsorbent-refrigerant pair.

• Author(s) : JRIBI S., MIYAZAKI T., SAHA B. B., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Finned tube, Carbon, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Simulation, Ethanol, Refrigerant
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study and performance predication of carbon based composite desiccants for desiccant coated heat exchangers.

• Author(s) : ZHENG X., WANG R. Z., GE T. S.
• Publication date: 2016/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Dehumidification, Composite, Carbon, Prediction, Performance, Expérimentation, Desiccant, Heat exchanger
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 72
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study of the ammonia adsorption characteristics on the composite sorbent of CaCl2 and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

• Author(s) : YAN T., LI T. X., LI H., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Nanotube, Carbon, Ammonia, Adsorption, Wall, Expérimentation, Calcium chloride
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 46
• Formats : PDF

Aqueous carbon nanotube nanofluids and their thermal performance in a helical heat exchanger.

• Author(s) : WU Z., WANG L., SUNDÉN B., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/03/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal conductivity, Nanotube, Fluid, Carbon, Nanofluid, Heat exchanger, Pressure drop
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 96

IIR document

Food losses and the carbon footprint of food : Is the food cold chain sustainable ?

• Author(s) : GUILPART J.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Sustainability, Food, Cold chain, Agriculture, Statistics, Loss, World, Carbon footprint
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermophysical properties of water-based carbon nanotubes nanofluid as cold storage media.

• Author(s) : XING M., WANG R.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Viscosity, Thermal conductivity, Nanotube, Carbon, Density, Thermodynamic property, Energy storage, Nanofluid, Expérimentation
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Carbon Expo 2005

Climate change is one of the main challenges facing humanity. The creation of market-based mechanisms and a global market in greenhouse gas reductions is a significant instrument to address this challenge. One part of the global carbon market has...

• Publication date : 2005/01/12

First zero carbon building in Hong Kong

In order to set an example, Hong-Kong’s Construction Industry Council commissioned its first Zero Carbon Building (ZCB). A ZCB goes beyond the common definition of zero energy buildings (ZEB) producing on-site renewable energy and exporting part...

• Publication date : 2014/03/25
• Subjects: Environment

Repealing the Carbon Tax in Australia.

The Australian Government decided to abolish the carbon tax from 1 July 2014.

• Publication date : 2014/07/08
• Subjects: Regulation

Abolition of the carbon tax in Australia.

The Australian Government has abolished carbon tax, with effect from July 1, 2014.

• Publication date : 2014/11/10
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

High efficiency, low carbon supermarket refrigeration

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). A new but simple high efficiency refrigeration system design suitable for use in supermarkets has been developed based on standard components so that...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

Carbon capture on board LNG-fuelled ships

A project involving science and industry partners has received EU funding to accelerate the uptake of ship-based carbon capture on LNG-fuelled ships.

• Publication date : 2022/06/13
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Cryogenic distillation: a promising technology for carbon capture

Cryogenic distillation is subject to intense R&D works for CO2 capture in CCS facilities. A plant using this technology is under construction in China.

• Publication date : 2019/06/28

ICR2011 highlights: carbon capture and storage (CCS) perspectives

During ICR2011, a complete session was devoted to carbon capture and storage (CCS). Berstad et al.(1) stressed that according to IEA, out of the targeted global annual CO2 emissions reductions – 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels –, CO2 CCS from...

• Publication date : 2011/11/16
• Subjects: General information, Environment

Australia to set up a carbon price for HFCs

In September 2011, the Australian Government introduced to the Parliament a set of Bills that aim to cut emissions of greenhouse gases by 159 million tonnes CO2 eq. a year. Included are bills that will introduce a carbon charge on imports of...

• Publication date : 2011/12/05
• Subjects: Regulation

CO2, one of the options for reducing the carbon footprint of refrigerated transport

Comparison of CO2 emissions from refrigerated transport units using R744 and HFC-134a and overview of solutions that could reduce the carbon footprint of this sector. 

• Publication date : 2024/03/28
• Subjects: Environment

Latest IGU report: alarming gas-to-coal switching requires low-carbon solutions

The International Gas Union (IGU) assesses the global natural gas trade in 2020-21 in a report released in May 2022. The report also discusses the need for long-term alternatives to natural gas to reduce...

• Publication date : 2022/06/21
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Environment

Carbon dioxide snow to clean spatial telescope

An interesting method to keep the Webb Space Telescope mirror, seven times larger than Hubble, spotless.

• Publication date : 2015/11/02

A project to decarbonise the cold chain in the UK using hydrogen

The University of Nottingham is looking to develop dual-use energy storage technology capable of supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell and generating direct cooling for refrigeration applications. 

• Publication date : 2021/06/28
• Subjects: Environment

The high potential of ground-source heat pumps to decarbonise the European building sector

A potential reduction of 20-40% and 30-50% of energy demand in buildings, for heating and cooling respectively, could be achieved through increased use of geothermal heat pumps. 

• Publication date : 2022/05/27

Refrigerant news: Hydrocarbons in MAC in Oz

An Australian vehicle manufacturer of OKA four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles has announced that it is the first manufacturer in the world to use hydrocarbon refrigerants for the air-conditioning systems of its vehicles. The manufacturer been...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

New IIR Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain

The IIR has just issued a new Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain. It highlights the food safety and environmental benefits of an improved global cold chain. 

• Publication date : 2021/04/29
• Subjects: Developing country

New IIR Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain

The IIR has just issued a new Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain. It highlights the food safety and environmental benefits of an improved global cold chain.

• Publication date : 2021/06/07
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country, Environment

The “Carbon reduction opportunities for the food chain” workshop at ICCC 2022

The workshop was focused on the solutions brought by the EU project ENOUGH to reduce emissions from the food sector as set by the EU farm to fork strategy. A panel discussion was also held during the event...

• Publication date : 2022/04/29

European Food Survey to decarbonise industrial operations

The ENOUGH project invites European food operators to complete a short survey on the advancements and potential for achieving the net-zero emissions target. 

• Publication date : 2023/01/26

The OEWG 38: dedicated to the phase down of hydrofluorocarbons

The IIR reports back from the 38th Open-Ended Working Group meeting in Vienna

• Publication date : 2016/07/27

INDEE+: Focus on the two-day workshop “Hotel Decarbonisation using R744 Heat Pump/chiller” organised in April

A two-day workshop titled “Hotel Decarbonisation using R744 Heat Pump/chiller” was organised on 26-27 April 2024 at Antarim Resorts, Goa. The technical session was followed by a demonstration of the R744 HP/C...

• Publication date : 2024/05/28

ENOUGH – a new project that will identify how food industry can become net zero by 2050

The project will develop technologies, tools and methods to contribute to the EU’s farm to fork Strategy to achieve climate neutrality in the food industry.

• Publication date : 2021/10/29

IIR website: best downloads in 2022

Discover the three most popular IIR publications in 2022. The focus is on the economy, women in refrigeration, and the carbon footprint of the cold chain. 

• Publication date : 2023/01/24
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Environment

Member news: Latest news from Air Liquide

Air Liquid inaugurates a low-carbon hydrogen production unit and promotes the development of helium refrigeration. 

• Publication date : 2021/02/23

IIR website: most downloaded publications in 2023

Discover the three most popular IIR publications of 2023. The focus is on the carbon footprint of the cold chain and cold rooms! 

• Publication date : 2024/02/27

Latest news from B-Medical Systems, Epta and GEA, three IIR corporate members

B Medical Systems, a global leader in the vaccine cold chain, is expanding its production capacity due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Epta monitors R290 fridges in cashier-free store in Dubai and GEA provides a...

• Publication date : 2021/11/29

IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference 2018 attracts its largest number of participants yet

With a focus on natural refrigerants, principally ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, the 13th conference in the series attracted the largest number of participants yet, welcoming an impressive 300 individuals from 45 different countries and...

• Publication date : 2018/07/03

Another successful IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference 2016

Dedicated to natural refrigerants, mainly ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, Gustav Lorentzen 2016 was a great success attracting over 270 people and more than 145 papers from leading international researchers and industrialists.

• Publication date : 2016/09/14

New IIR Informatory Note on high-temperature heat pumps

IRR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that high-temperature heat pumps are a key technology in the decarbonisation of process industries. 

• Publication date : 2021/10/22

New IIR Informatory Note on non-uniform environment

A non-uniform indoor environment can reconcile the demand for a healthy and comfortable environment and the objective of low carbon emissions. 

• Publication date : 2023/11/28

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers