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IIR document

Comparison of R-404A, R-448A and R-452A as drop-in replacements for R-218 in special applications.
- Author(s) : DOUBEK M., VACEK V.
- Publication date: 2019/08/24
- Languages : English
- Keywords : R218, Electronics, Drop-in, R452A, R448a, R404A, Substitute, Mixture, Testing, Refrigerant, Freezer
- Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
- Formats : PDF
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IIR document

Study of R-404A and R-448A refrigerants in low temperature refrigeration of electronics.
- Author(s) : DOUBEK M., VACEK V.
- Publication date: 2018/09
- Languages : English
- Keywords : R218, Electronics, Comparison, Low temperature, Cooling, R448a, R404A, HFO, Expérimentation
- Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
- Formats : PDF
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IIR document

Study of R-404A and R-448A refrigerants in low temperature refrigeration of electronics.
- Author(s) : DOUBEK M., VACEK V.
- Publication date: 2018/09
- Languages : English
- Keywords : R218, Electronics, Comparison, Low temperature, Cooling, R448a, R404A, HFO, Expérimentation
- Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
- Formats : PDF
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IIR document

Investigation of the solid-liquid phase equilibria for cryogenic argon-fluorocarbon mixed refrigerant.
- Author(s) : BAE J., LEE C., JEONG S.
- Publication date: 2017/04/23
- Languages : English
- Keywords : R23, R218, R14, Freezing temperature, Argon, Performance, Mixture, Expérimentation, Cryocooler, Cryogenics
- Source: 5^th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants.
- Formats : PDF
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IIR document

Experimental investigation of the cascade type non-flammable mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson refrigerator for 100K cooling temperature.
- Author(s) : LEE C., JEONG S., JEONG H. J., et al.
- Publication date: 2019/08/24
- Languages : English
- Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
- Formats : PDF
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Design of non-flammable mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson refrigerator for precooling stage of high temperature superconducting power cable.
- Author(s) : LEE C., JIN L., PARK C., et al.
- Publication date: 2016/11
- Languages : English
- Source: Cryogenics - vol. 81
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Thermodynamic properties of a mixture of argon with refrigerants R14 and R218.

[In Russian. / En russe.]
- Author(s) : AFANAS'EV V. V., BAGINSKIJ V. A., ZAHAROV N. D., et al.
- Publication date: 2006
- Languages : Russian
- Keywords : R218, R14, Research, Argon, Two-phase mixture, Equation of state, Cryogenics
- Source: Holodil'na Tehnika i Tehnologiâ - n. 2
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Mass flow rate correlation for two-phase flow of R218 through a capillary tube.
- Author(s) : VINS V., VACEK V.
- Publication date: 2009/10
- Languages : English
- Keywords : Two-phase flow, R218, Capillary tube, Expérimentation, Flow rate, Refrigerant
- Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 29 - n. 14-15
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IIR document

Thermodynamic properties of a new refrigerant: a binary azeotrope based on R152a and R218.
- Author(s) : LAVRENCHENKO G. K., KHMELNUK M. G., RUVINSKIJ G. Ja., ILJUSHENKO S. V.
- Publication date: 1994/09
- Languages : English
- Keywords : R218, Diagram, R152a, Performance, Azeotropic mixture, Testing, Refrigerant, Compressor
- Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 17 - n. 7
- Formats : PDF
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IIR document

COMPARISON OF VARIOUS WORKING PAIRS OF ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS: APPLICATION OF R21 AND R22 AS REFRIGERANTS.
- Author(s) : KUMAR S., PREVOST M., BUGAREL R.
- Publication date: 1991/09
- Languages : English
- Keywords : Comparison, CFC, Absorption system, R22, R21, Mixture, COP, Refrigerant, DMETEG, DME, Hot climate
- Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 14 - n. 5
- Formats : PDF
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IIR document

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF R21-DMF VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS FOR SOLAR ENERGY APPLICATIONS.
- Author(s) : BADARINARAYANA K., SRINIVASA MURTHY S., KRISHNA MURTHY M. V.
- Publication date: 1982/03
- Languages : English
- Keywords : Absorption system, R21, Thermodynamic property, Solution, Solar energy, DMF
- Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 5 - n. 2
- Formats : PDF
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IIR document

PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR OPERATED DUAL-STAGE ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS WITH R21-DMF AS WORKING FLUID.
- Author(s) : SRINIVASA MURTHY S., KRISHNA MURTHY M. V.
- Publication date: 1982/03/14
- Languages : English
- Keywords : Calculation, Absorption system, R21, Two-stage system, Performance, Solar energy, COP, DMF
- Source: Solar Energy for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.
- Formats : PDF
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IIR document

Application of ammonia for heat-and-cold supply systems in processes of purifying technical gases.
- Author(s) : DIACHENKO O., DIACHENKO T.
- Publication date: 2007/04/19
- Languages : English
- Keywords : Rectification, Ammonia, R216, Purification, Cryogenics, COP
- Source: Ammonia Refrigeration Technology for Today and Tomorrow.
- Formats : PDF
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Procesos de purificación de gases técnicos: aplicación del amoniaco en sistemas de sumistro de calor-y-frío.

Application of ammonia for heat-and-cold supply systems in processes of purifying technical gases.
- Author(s) : DIACHENKO O., DIACHENKO T.
- Publication date: 2008/09
- Languages : Spanish
- Keywords : Rectification, Ammonia, R216, Purification, Cryogenics, COP
- Source: IIF-IIR/Frío Calor Aire acond. - vol. 36 - n. 406
- Formats : PDF
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Renovación y rehabilitación de almacenes frigoríficos con amoniaco como refrigerante: adecuación al CDM del Protocolo de Kyoto.

Ammonia cold store renewal/rehabilitation coupled with the clean development mechanism.
- Author(s) : CICONKOV R., LAZAREVSKA A., CICONKOV V.
- Publication date: 2008/10
- Languages : Spanish
- Keywords : Rectification, Ammonia, R216, Purification, Cryogenics, COP
- Source: IIF-IIR/Frío Calor Aire acond. - vol. 36 - n. 407
- Formats : PDF
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Low-GWP alternatives in refrigerated transport

An EPA fact sheet provides full details on alternatives to HFCs: R744, R717, hydrocarbons and HFOs, and describes alternative technologies: cryogenic systems, secondary loop systems, eutectic plates, hermetic and semi-hermetic vapour-compression...
- Publication date : 2012/04/19
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Air conditioning: towards a relaxation of the rules for the use of flammable refrigerants

While the European Commission is paving the way for the use of flammable refrigerants as an alternative for split systems, the current revision of the international standard IEC 60335-2-40 should allow higher...
- Publication date : 2020/10/22
- Subjects: HFCs alternatives
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US EPA proposes acceptance of hydrocarbons and R32 in 6 applications

The US EPA has proposed a range of acceptable uses for hydrocarbon refrigerants – R600a, R290, R170 and R441A along with R32 under the EPA’s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)
- Publication date : 2014/09/08
- Subjects: Regulation
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Refrigerated transport: innovations and challenges for sustainability

Review of the most promising technologies for refrigerated transport: vapour compression systems with natural refrigerants, photovoltaic systems with electrical energy storage,...
- Publication date : 2022/04/29
- Subjects: Technology, HFCs alternatives
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Producing ammonia using less energy

Scientists at the Tokyo Institute of Technology have developed an improved catalyst facilitating the synthesis of ammonia at merely 50°C (when conventional techniques require temperatures of 450°C).
- Publication date : 2020/07/06
- Subjects: HFCs alternatives
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Member news: Star Refrigeration continues to develop Azanefreezer’s production for cold stores

Azanefreezer, an ammonia system, has just been installed in a cold store near Peterborough, UK.
- Publication date : 2019/11/29
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Ohrid 2019: latest technology trends for ammonia and CO2

Synthesis of several refrigerating installation case studies using ammonia and CO2 based on papers from the recent IIR conference in Ohrid.
- Publication date : 2019/05/29
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Kenyan fish processing facility upgrades from R22 to ammonia

East Africa Sea Foods (EASF), a fish processing facility in Kenya, recently replaced its aging R22 refrigeration system with a two-stage ammonia system.
- Publication date : 2020/04/05
- Subjects: Developing country, HFCs alternatives
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IIR Member news: Star Refrigeration come to the rescue to clean up an ammonia leak

The British industrial refrigeration engineering company recently conducted a maintenance operation at an ASDA refrigeration plant using ammonia as a refrigerant.
- Publication date : 2018/04/19
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A low charge direct expansion evaporator system configured to use less ammonia

A US-based meat processor operates a cold storage facility that uses just 1 kg approx ammonia per kW.
- Publication date : 2018/05/17
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A semi-hermetic ammonia heat pump for heating and cooling an office complex

An innovative semi-hermetic ammonia heat pump for heating and cooling 40,000 m2 of apartments and business premises was recently installed in Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
- Publication date : 2018/12/27
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Natural refrigerant training is gaining traction

Update on natural refrigerant training in Europe and Africa.
- Publication date : 2017/05/19
- Subjects: Developing country
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US: EPA expands the use of 4 hydrocarbons and R32

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently authorised the use of four hydrocarbon refrigerants and R32 in various applications.
- Publication date : 2015/06/19
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UK: Waitrose installs HFO chillers in store

Waitrose, the English supermarket chain, is testing chillers using HFO-1234ze refrigerant at its supermarket in Bromley, near London, UK.
- Publication date : 2012/02/17
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Siberian nematode worms kept in permafrost for 42,000 years come back to life

A team of Russian researchers revived two nematodes buried in Siberian permafrost for 32,000 and 42,000 years.
- Publication date : 2018/09/20
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See all results in the refrigeration sector news items

IIR Conference overview: 5th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants - TPTPR2017

With over 150 participants from 12 countries, the 5th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants featured 85 technical presentations, including six plenary keynote lectures.
- Publication date : 2017/05/24
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15th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference, June 13-15, 2022: the detailed programme is now available!

The detailed program of the 15th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants is now available online.
- Publication date : 2022/05/16
- Subjects: HFCs alternatives
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The Mostra Convegno exhibition

In March 2018 the IIR participated in one of the biggest exhibitions on refrigeration technologies, Mostra Convegno, which took place, as always, in Milan.
- Publication date : 2018/04/19
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Another successful IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference 2016

Dedicated to natural refrigerants, mainly ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, Gustav Lorentzen 2016 was a great success attracting over 270 people and more than 145 papers from leading international researchers and industrialists.
- Publication date : 2016/09/14
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The latest news on refrigeration conferences

Call for abstracts, Early Bird registration, get the latest!
- Publication date : 2015/10/20
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The IIR at the heart of magnetic refrigeration

Magnetic refrigeration technology proves more alluring than ever: conferences, workshops and research projects continue to make waves.
- Publication date : 2015/03/25
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HARFKO 2015: More successful than ever welcomes UNEP Ozone2Climate Roundtable & Roadshow

Last week the IIR was delighted to participate in the 13th Heating, Air-conditioning, Refrigeration & Fluid Exhibition – KOREA (HARFKO 2015).
- Publication date : 2015/03/18
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Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
- Last update : 2022/06/22
- Langues : English, French
- Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction
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IIR event

10^th IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technologies

April 27, 2023 - April 29, 2023

Ohrid, North Macedonia

Register today! The 10th edition in this IIR conference series, to take place on April 27-29, 2023, in Ohrid, North Macedonia, will explore the design of modern...

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