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IIR document
Grey-box fault models and applications for low carbon emission CO2 refrigeration system.
CO2-equivalent emissions and quality evaluation of chilled and frozen Atlantic salmon transported from Norway to Japan.
Monovalent and hybrid air-source heat pump concepts for existing multifamily buildings – Energy performance and CO₂ savings.
Evaluación de estrategias para minimizar las emisiones de CO2 de un sistema solar de refrigeración y producción de calor aplicado a una industria láctea de pequeño tamaño.
Strategies assessment to minimize CO2 emissions of a solar cooling and heat generation system and heat applied to a small scale dairy industry.
Quantifying CO2 emissions and energy production from power plants to run HVAC systems in ASHRAE-based buildings.
Evaluation of the power consumption of the A/C system and CO2 emissions of mechanically and electrically driver compressor.
Optimization of a residential air source heat pump using refrigerants with GWP <150 for improved performance and reduced emission.
Combining HFO refrigerants with different system architectures to reduce energy use and CO2 emissions in supermarket refrigeration.
CO2 emission savings of heat pumps in the residential sector. Case study for multifamily buildings in Geneva.
Review on absorption refrigeration technology and its potential in energy-saving and carbon emission reduction in natural gas and hydrogen liquefaction.
Potential of CO2 emission reduction via application of geothermal heat exchanger and passive cooling in residential sector under Polish climatic conditions.
Heat pumps in existing heating and hot water systems: an evaluation of primary energy savings and reduction of CO2 produced.
The feasibility of a global net zero for RACHP in 2050: The impact of main parameters.
Unchecked. The fluorochemical industry's scandalous HFC-23 by-product emissions amid the climate crisis.
A review of green, low-carbon, and energy-efficient research in sports buildings.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
337 results
China continues CO2 emission decline despite heatwaves
After a drop in Q2 of 2024, China’s CO2 emissions remain at the same level of last year’s figures, despite recent heatwaves.
French hybrid supermarket delivery vehicles for less CO2 emissions
The French supermarket group Casino is implementing “Citygreen”, a plan to cut its CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020. The plan also involves quieter urban deliveries.
Japan: snow cooling created greater CO2 emissions
An experiment to ship snow from the north of Japan to help reduce the air conditioning load in Tokyo has created CO2 emissions three times greater than the emissions reduction achieved.
World Cup stadium cooling technology and CO2 emissions
The FIFA World Cup stadiums in Qatar combine passive cooling strategies with innovative air-conditioning technology to offer fans and players a more comfortable...
China: Kigali Amendment compliance could reduce HFC emissions by 18.9 Gt CO2-eq by 2060
Ziqi Wu et al. combined historical HFC accounting, scenario development, and climate impact modelling, in an integrated assessment of the impact of China’s implementation of the Kigali Amendment on future HFC...
Direct CO2 emissions generated by the refrigeration sector in Chile
As part of its national inventory submitted to the UNFCCC, Chile reported greenhouse gas emission values for the refrigeration and air conditioning sector.
Carrefour pledges to reduce its CO2 emissions by 40% by 2025
Supermarket group Carrefour has pledged to reduce CO2 emissions from all stores by 40% by 2025 and by 70% by 2050 compared to 2010 levels.
A 20% reduction in CO2 emissions from mobile air conditioning by 2050 is possible
A recent report from the International Energy Agency “Cooling on the Move - The future of air conditioning in vehicles” explores the current and future global energy consumption from mobile air conditioning systems, along with the resulting...
HFC regulations and emission trends in Japan, Europe, and the US: An overview
Explore the recent developments in HFC regulations and refrigerant emissions in Japan, Europe, and the USA, according to the January 2025 edition of JARN.
HFC recycling could prevent emissions of 18bn tons CO2 eq by 2040
According to an EOS Climate White Paper, only around 10-15% of HFC refrigerants are currently recovered, reclaimed and re-used
India: increased investment in the cold chain could reduce food losses and cut CO2 emissions.
Roughly 18% of fruits and vegetables are wasted each year due to the lack of post-harvest storage infrastructure.
ICCC2026: Mapping of Rwanda’s refrigeration emissions compared with UK’s emissions
The UK has 14 times higher per capita emissions than Rwanda (262 compared to 19 kgCO₂e), according to estimates by Dr Alan Foster and colleagues presented at the 9th IIR...
The climate impact of the refrigeration sector in Australia
According to a recent report, the refrigeration sector accounts for 24% of Australia’s electricity consumption and 11.5% of CO2 emissions. This report also identifies the main causes of direct and...
Latest IGU report: alarming gas-to-coal switching requires low-carbon solutions
The International Gas Union (IGU) assesses the global natural gas trade in 2020-21 in a report released in May 2022. The report also discusses the need for long-term alternatives to natural gas to reduce...
South-East market dominated by low efficiency ACs
According to a recent report, 74% of room air conditioners (RAC) sold in six South-East Asian countries do not meet minimum threshold according to China’s MEPS. The authors modelled...
IIR news
67 results
IIR Informatory Note highlights global air conditioning's CO2 emissions and energy impact
The IIR has modelled current and future CO2 emissions attributable to air conditioning in different regions of the world.
The 2025 Conference on Low-Emission Refrigeration and Refrigerant Substitution Held Successfully in Foshan, Guangdong
From 26 to 28 October 2025, the Conference on Low-Emission Refrigeration and Refrigerant Substitution was successfully held in Foshan, Guangdong.
We are hiring an intern for Food cold chain modelling
The IIR has developed an innovative model to calculate CO2 emissions for each stage of the cold chain and for all countries in the world. The candidate will work on improving this model based on...
International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) releases new technical brief: “The role of refrigeration in the global economy (3rd edition)”
This comprehensive report highlights the critical importance of refrigeration in addressing global challenges related to food security, healthcare, energy efficiency, and climate change.
New IIR Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain
The IIR has just issued a new Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain. It highlights the food safety and environmental benefits of an improved global cold chain.
Interview: Director General of the IIR gives an overview of the trends of the refrigeration sector
In the 2018-2019 international special issue of the Industria & Formazione magazine, Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration, Didier Coulomb, gives an overview of the impact of the refrigeration sector on climate...
Conference update: Sydney
The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia, on April 12-14, 2010. The call for papers and first announcement are now available:
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 26
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 26th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 26) in...
News from IIR members: MYCOM Mayekawa
The Japanese compressor manufacturer MYCOM Mayekawa will be introducing its high-efficiency NH3/CO2 cooling system NewTon3000 within the context of the Garden City Ammonia Program (GCAP). GCAP is actively promoting CO2 emissions reduction and...
REAL Alternatives: blended Learning for Alternative Refrigerants
Last week the REAL Alternatives Europe programme partners met at IIR head offices to elaborate plans to translate the e-learning project into more languages.
Spotlight on Commission B2: at the forefront of refrigerating equipment
Coordinated by the IIR Science and Technology Council, Commission B2 focuses on promoting knowledge of refrigerating equipment technologies and their applications worldwide.
International collaboration: The key to a prosperous future in refrigeration
The IIR puts its international network into action for the benefit of all.
Heat pumps, the central theme of the recent IIR Congress
An overview of the research carried out in the field of heat pumps, with the aim of achieving greater flexibility and increased energy efficiency, in particular through to the use of thermal energy...
News from IIR members: Carrier CO2NSERVATION meter
The Carrier CO2NSERVATION meter calculates avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a result of the installation of high efficiency Carrier air-conditioning, heating and refrigeration systems by customers around the world since 2000. Buildings in...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
8 results
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
For IIR members only
Heat pump stock in Europe
This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
