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R134a Flow Boiling Heat transfer on an Electrically Heated Carbon/Carbon Surface.
IIR document
Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets.
Design of a gas-fired carbon-ammonia adsorption heat pump.
Recommended by the IIR
Huella de carbono del transporte refrigerado.
The carbon footprint of refrigerated transport.
Dynamic modeling of near isothermal compressor for transcritical carbon dioxide cycle.
Extraction of heat transfer parameters in active carbon-ammonia large temperature jump experiments.
Experimental study and performance predication of carbon based composite desiccants for desiccant coated heat exchangers.
Aqueous carbon nanotube nanofluids and their thermal performance in a helical heat exchanger.
Food losses and the carbon footprint of food : Is the food cold chain sustainable ?
Thermophysical properties of water-based carbon nanotubes nanofluid as cold storage media.
A study on carbon steel corrosion for the development of LiBr-H2O triple-effect absorption chillers.
Experimental pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of ammonia on two dual-enhanced carbon steel tubes.
Quantifying energy consumption and carbon emissions from retail refrigeration in the UK.
On the fouling formation of functionalized and non-functionalized carbon nanotube nano-fluids under pool boiling condition.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
224 results
The high potential of ground-source heat pumps to decarbonise the European building sector
A potential reduction of 20-40% and 30-50% of energy demand in buildings, for heating and cooling respectively, could be achieved through increased use of geothermal heat pumps.
First zero carbon building in Hong Kong
In order to set an example, Hong-Kong’s Construction Industry Council commissioned its first Zero Carbon Building (ZCB). A ZCB goes beyond the common definition of zero energy buildings (ZEB) producing on-site renewable energy and exporting part...
Carbon capture on board LNG-fuelled ships
A project involving science and industry partners has received EU funding to accelerate the uptake of ship-based carbon capture on LNG-fuelled ships.
Abolition of the carbon tax in Australia.
The Australian Government has abolished carbon tax, with effect from July 1, 2014.
Cryogenic distillation: a promising technology for carbon capture
Cryogenic distillation is subject to intense R&D works for CO2 capture in CCS facilities. A plant using this technology is under construction in China.
Repealing the Carbon Tax in Australia.
The Australian Government decided to abolish the carbon tax from 1 July 2014.
CO2, one of the options for reducing the carbon footprint of refrigerated transport
Comparison of CO2 emissions from refrigerated transport units using R744 and HFC-134a and overview of solutions that could reduce the carbon footprint of this sector.
Latest IGU report: alarming gas-to-coal switching requires low-carbon solutions
The International Gas Union (IGU) assesses the global natural gas trade in 2020-21 in a report released in May 2022. The report also discusses the need for long-term alternatives to natural gas to reduce...
Net zero: some initiatives in the field of refrigeration
As part of the Race to Zero campaign launched by the UNFCCC, two initiatives on refrigeration have recently been promoted.
A project to decarbonise the cold chain in the UK using hydrogen
The University of Nottingham is looking to develop dual-use energy storage technology capable of supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell and generating direct cooling for refrigeration applications.
Heat Pumps: A smart decarbonisation tool for the dairy industry
To reduce emissions and energy costs, more dairy factories are turning to industrial heat pumps.
World LNG Report 2025: LNG trade continues to grow, requiring increased global decarbonisation efforts
According to the IGU, global LNG trade grew by 2.4% in 2024, connecting 22 exporting with 48 importing markets. With increasing global regulatory focus on methane emissions, particularly from the EU, Japan, and...
Are hydrocarbons in room air conditioners risky?
A team from GIZ Proklima used quantitative risk assessment tools to estimate the severity and frequency of ignition HC-600a (iso-butane) and HC-290 split air conditioners and domestic refrigerators.
The life cycle of fluorocarbons: case studies
The Climate and Clean Air Coalition has published a guide for policymakers in which good practices regarding the life cycle of fluorocarbons are discussed. Concrete examples of refrigerant recycling in...
China evaluates the real risks of hydrocarbons
According to JARN, China intends to switch half its production of split air conditioners to propane in order to meet the objectives of the HCFC Phase-Out Management Plan by 2015.This involved identifying potential leakage points and using...
IIR news
104 results
European Food Survey to decarbonise industrial operations
The ENOUGH project invites European food operators to complete a short survey on the advancements and potential for achieving the net-zero emissions target.
The OEWG 38: dedicated to the phase down of hydrofluorocarbons
The IIR reports back from the 38th Open-Ended Working Group meeting in Vienna
IIR Webinar – Domestic hydrocarbon heat pumps, key to a decarbonised future
As the world accelerates towards decarbonisation, heat pumps are emerging as a global solution for cleaner, more efficient residential cooling and heating.
New IIR Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain
The IIR has just issued a new Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain. It highlights the food safety and environmental benefits of an improved global cold chain.
The “Carbon reduction opportunities for the food chain” workshop at ICCC 2022
The workshop was focused on the solutions brought by the EU project ENOUGH to reduce emissions from the food sector as set by the EU farm to fork strategy. A panel discussion was also held during the event...
ENOUGH – a new project that will identify how food industry can become net zero by 2050
The project will develop technologies, tools and methods to contribute to the EU’s farm to fork Strategy to achieve climate neutrality in the food industry.
The IIR Publishes a Technical Brief on High-Temperature Heat Pumps: A Key Technology for Industrial Decarbonisation
The International Institute of Refrigeration releases a comprehensive technical brief examining the state of the art, applications, and performance of high-temperature heat pumps, a pivotal technology for reducing carbon emissions from...
IIR publishes a new Technical Brief: Domestic heat pumps using hydrocarbons - Current status and market overview in Europe
At a time when the energy transition is at the top of the global agenda, the IIR is publishing a new Technical Brief on domestic hydrocarbon heat pumps. This strategic document...
INDEE+: Focus on the two-day workshop “Hotel Decarbonisation using R744 Heat Pump/chiller” organised in April
A two-day workshop titled “Hotel Decarbonisation using R744 Heat Pump/chiller” was organised on 26-27 April 2024 at Antarim Resorts, Goa. The technical session was followed by a demonstration of the R744 HP/C...
J&E Hall International Gold Medal awarded to Pr. Judith Evans for her exceptional contribution to energy and carbon reduction in the food cold chain
Professor Judith Evans, UK delegate to IIR and president of IIR section C, is this year’s recipient of the prestigious J&E Hall International Gold Medal.
IIR website: best downloads in 2022
Discover the three most popular IIR publications in 2022. The focus is on the economy, women in refrigeration, and the carbon footprint of the cold chain.
New IIR Informatory Note on high-temperature heat pumps
IRR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that high-temperature heat pumps are a key technology in the decarbonisation of process industries.
The International Institute of Refrigeration at MCE Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
The IIR was present at the 54th AiCARR International Congress “Decarbonising our future: energy, economic and social aspects of smarter and digitalized buildings and cities” and at the CSG Conference “From the...
IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference 2018 attracts its largest number of participants yet
With a focus on natural refrigerants, principally ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, the 13th conference in the series attracted the largest number of participants yet, welcoming an impressive 300 individuals from 45 different countries and...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
8 results
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Events
4 results
Other event
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
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IIR event
Data Centers at a Crossroads: Energy, Cooling, and Policy Challenges
May 12, 2026
Register...
15th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems
September 13, 2027 - September 15, 2027
London, United Kingdom
On September 13-15, 2027, the 15th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems of City University of London will provide a forum for debate on developments in air, gas and refrigeration...
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
