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IIR document

Reducing global food waste by using natural refrigerants in the cold chain.

• Author(s) : KOEGELENBERG I., CHASSEROT M.
• Publication date: 2020/08/26
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ammonia, Regulations, R717, R744, CO2, Natural refrigerant, Cold chain, Energy efficiency, World, Loss, Food, Generality
• Source: 6^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Nantes, France, August 26-28 2020
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Assessment of benefits of employing natural refrigerants in seafood cold chain in India.

• Author(s) : SAINI S. K., DASGUPTA M. S., WIDELL K. N., BHATTACHARYYA S.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low GWP, India, Food industry, Modelling, TEWI, Surimi, Shrimp, Seafood, Cold chain, Ammonia, CO2, R744, Cascade system, Natural refrigerant, Energy efficiency, COP
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Economical and environmental data analysis of hybrid HVAC system of air source heat pump and natural gas furnace for cold climate.

• Author(s) : DEMIREZEN G., ULLAH K., ROKN A., FUNG A. S.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Case study, Air-source system, Household application, Modelling, CO2 emission, Hybrid system, Natural gas, Cold climate, Cost, Boiler
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy Utilization for Land-Based Cold Water Fish Aquaculture in South Korea.

• Author(s) : BAEK S., CHOI W., KIM G., SEO J., LEE S., JEONG H., SUNG Y.
• Publication date: 2022/10
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - 19
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Liquefied natural gas cold recovery for heavy-duty vehicles smart management.

• Author(s) : ARTECONI A., FIASCHI D., CIOCCOLANTI L., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Computational analysis of cross ventilation for spaces with operable transom windows in hot and humid climate.

• Author(s) : CHANG C. Y., CHAN Y-C.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Velocity (fluids, gases), Humid climate, CFD, Building, Natural ventilation, Pressure, Natural cold, Hot climate
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 5^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Exergo-economic trade-offs for cold climate heat pumps with low-GWP and natural refrigerants.

• Author(s) : BAHMAN A. M., ZIVIANI D.
• Publication date: 2021/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Domestic heat pump, Low GWP, R290, R32, R410A, R454A, R452B, Modelling, Optimization, Exergy, Thermodynamic property, Economizer, Cost, COP, Heating, Cold climate
• Source: 2^nd IIR Conference on HFO Refrigerants and Low GWP Blends
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study of frost crystal dendrite growth on a cryogenic cold surface under natural convection conditions.

• Author(s) : YU F., LIU Z., LI Y., CHEN Y.
• Publication date: 2022/12
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 144
• Formats : PDF

Air conditioning system design for a supercomputing center.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : WU X.
• Publication date: 2014/03
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Data centre, China, Case study, Natural cold, Air conditioning
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 44 - n. 288
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CFD simulations and measurements of carbon dioxide transport in a passive house.

• Author(s) : SZCZEPANIK N., SCHNOTALE J.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Building, Measurement, Air quality, Simulation, Natural cold, Concentration, CO2
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Sistema idronico in free cooling. Smaltimento, recupero e riutilizzo del calore proveniente dai condensatori dei frigoriferi.

Free cooling hot-water system. Condenser heat elimination, recovery and re-use in refrigerators.

• Author(s) : CAVATORTA A.
• Publication date: 2014
• Languages : Italian
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Heat recovery, Natural cold, Condenser, Water circuit
• Source: Industria & Formazione - vol. 38 - n. 379
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Demonstration of free cooling with CO2.

• Author(s) : HEERUP C.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Technology, Data centre, Cooling, R744, Natural cold, Secondary refrigerant, CO2
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Evaporative cooling in Europe. When and how much is it worth?

• Author(s) : NORO M., LAZZARIN R., BAGARELLA G.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Economy, Building, Evaporative system, Energy saving, Natural cold, Air conditioning
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Tunnels de refroidissement : derniers développements en efficacité énergétique.

Cooling tunnels: latest developments in energy efficiency.

• Author(s) : HUFFSCHMIDT D., MARRO G., SALEM A.
• Publication date: 2014/07
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Tightness, Generality, Food, Ventilation, Tunnel, Rapid chilling, Energy saving, Natural cold
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - vol. 103 - n. 1145

Energy saving operation of VAV air conditioning system.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : ZHU J.
• Publication date: 2014/05
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Variable volume, Temperature, Energy saving, Control (generic), Natural cold, Air conditioning
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 44 - n. 290
• Formats : PDF

IIR Member news: Carrier Transicold rents 2,000 CO2 reefers for shipping

Global shipping company MSC Mediterranean Shipping will lease 2,000 containers using Carrier Transicold’s NaturaLINE® CO2 refrigeration system.

• Publication date : 2018/10/18

Flower pot as natural bio air conditioning system.

Created by Zurich-based independent designer Thibault Faverie, Cold Pot is a terracotta pot that gradually lowers the air temperature around it through a natural evaporation process.

• Publication date : 2014/02/20

GL2012 highlights: latent cold thermal storage: the energetic benefits

In response to German climate protection goals, requiring 80-95 % cuts in CO2 emissions before 2050, Michael Kauffeld presented a paper on “The Energetic Benefit of Latent Cold Thermal Energy Storage” at the 10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on...

• Publication date : 2012/11/20

Energy saving initiatives for cooling in data centres

In January 2021, Europe’s leading cloud and data centre operators signed the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact, a self-regulatory initiative to become climate neutral by 2030. According to recent studies, free...

• Publication date : 2021/02/25
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

LNG cold energy recovery for salmon aquaculture

A team of Korean researchersis proposing a novel application of LNG cold energy recovery for aquaculture. 

• Publication date : 2023/02/20
• Subjects: Technology

Briefs: Cool logistics

Carrier Transicold has launched NaturaLINE, a range of refrigerated-container technology using natural refrigerants claimed to be the first in the world. Working with Hapag-Lloyd, a Hamburg-based shipping company, Carrier has been testing the...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

Briefs: Britain’s greenest supermarket?

Tesco has opened its flagship environmental store in Wick in northern Scotland. The 4600 m2 store is expected to produce 50% less carbon emissions than a conventional supermarket of comparable size. Besides using wind turbines, solar cells and...

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

Marine refrigeration

The use of natural refrigerants is gradually spreading. Here are two examples of their use in the marine sector: - Environmentally-friendly fish transport American Freedom is one of the world's largest refrigerated ships and can hold up to...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

R&D

The US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed a new air-conditioning system combining membranes, evaporative coolers and desiccants into a single device with the objective to suit to all climates,...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Green buildings

Moscow City Tower is to be Europe's tallest and the world's second tallest building. The 600-m naturally ventilated tower designed by Norman Foster will accommodate 25 000 people - a city unto itself - and the designer is aiming for LEED gold...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

For IIR members only

CO2, one of the options for reducing the carbon footprint of refrigerated transport

Comparison of CO2 emissions from refrigerated transport units using R744 and HFC-134a and overview of solutions that could reduce the carbon footprint of this sector. 

• Publication date : 2024/03/28
• Subjects: Environment

CO2 supermarkets: Tesco

Designed as Tesco's first zero-carbon store, the new store at Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, UK, is completely HFC-free. The supermarket is hence using natural refrigerants CO2 and hydrocarbons throughout its refrigerators, freezers, heating, ventilation...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Refrigerant news: Training in CO2

- NVKL, the Dutch association of contractors, distributors and manufacturers, recently opened the first training centre of natural refrigerants in Europe. The new training centre is located in Ede, the Netherlands. It comprises: detection and...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

CO2 applications: First hospital catering facility refrigeration system to run with CO2 in the UK

A CO2 unit supplied by Green & Cool has been installed and commissioned by CCS Refrigeration, through Aggora on behalf of Medirest to provide for the on-site catering requirements of patients, restaurant and hospital staff at the Homerton...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Residential CO2 heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). A theoretical and experimental study was carried out for a residential brine-to-water CO2 heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating - a...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

What’s on the IIR’s 2024 conference calendar?

The IIR calendar for 2024 features a promising choice of events covering cutting-edge refrigeration themes such as the cold chain, natural refrigerants, compressor technologies and much more! 

• Publication date : 2023/06/28

International events: GL2008

The 8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids (GL2008) was held in Copenhagen on September 7-10, 2008. The event attracted 397 participants from 32 countries. The initial conferences in the series tended to attract participants...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Member news: Automated order-pickup kiosks use containers from Carrier Transicold

Member news: grocery kiosks are being set up in Estonia. The CO2 refrigeration system is supplied by Carrier Transicold. 

• Publication date : 2021/04/29

IIR member news: Star Refrigeration

Star Refrigeration soon to hit US food firms with eco-friendly low-ammonia chillers and freezers

• Publication date : 2013/09/04

LNG fundamentals explained in the Encyclopedia of refrigeration

The latest entry in the IIR’s online Encyclopedia of refrigeration is a thematic file presenting LNG production processes, and cold energy recovery applications.

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: Technology

INDEE+ at 23rd India International Seafood Show (2023), Kolkata, India

In February 2023, INDEE+ successfully participated to the 23rd India International Seafood Show (2023) in Kolkata. The project was jointly promoted in a technical session and at a dedicated booth.

• Publication date : 2023/03/28

Another successful IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference 2016

Dedicated to natural refrigerants, mainly ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, Gustav Lorentzen 2016 was a great success attracting over 270 people and more than 145 papers from leading international researchers and industrialists.

• Publication date : 2016/09/14

IIR conference activities in 2016 show a promising choice of events

IIR conference activities in 2016 show a promising choice of events covering cutting edge refrigeration themes from refrigerants to energy issues; from cold chain sustainability to new refrigeration technologies.

• Publication date : 2016/03/02

Check out the upcoming cutting edge IIR events for 2016

IIR conference activities in 2016 show a promising choice of events.

• Publication date : 2015/12/16

Latest IIR conference papers available in FRIDOC!

Did you miss a refrigeration event? See what’s online for you.

• Publication date : 2014/12/24

The IIR makes its mark in LNG

In line with our objective to remain at the forefront of developments in the field of cryogenics the IIR, in partnership with the lnternational Gas Union (IGU), and the Gas Technology Institute (GTI), organizes triennial LNG conferences across the...

• Publication date : 2015/10/14

IIR member news: Carrier Transicold

Carrier Transicold, major transport refrigeration company, will offer R452A as an optional alternative to R404A.

• Publication date : 2015/04/23
• Subjects: Regulation

ATMO Europe Conference 2022 on Natural Refrigerants Releases Final Programme

The 12th edition of the event will take place in-person in Brussels (Belgium) on November 15–16.

• Publication date : 2022/11/10
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 34

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 34th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-34) in Montréal, Canada (octobre 31 –...

• Publication date : 2022/12/12
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country, Environment

COP 28: the annual conference on climate change puts refrigeration in the spotlight!

Refrigeration will be one of the priorities at the next United Nations Conference of the Parties on climate change. It will be held in Dubai from 30 November to 12 December 2023. 

• Publication date : 2023/11/24

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information