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IIR document

Reducing global food waste by using natural refrigerants in the cold chain.

• Author(s) : KOEGELENBERG I., CHASSEROT M.
• Publication date: 2020/08/26
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ammonia, Regulations, R717, R744, CO2, Natural refrigerant, Cold chain, Energy efficiency, World, Loss, Food, Generality
• Source: 6^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Nantes, France, August 26-28 2020
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Assessment of benefits of employing natural refrigerants in seafood cold chain in India.

• Author(s) : SAINI S. K., DASGUPTA M. S., WIDELL K. N., BHATTACHARYYA S.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low GWP, India, Food industry, Modelling, TEWI, Surimi, Shrimp, Seafood, Cold chain, Ammonia, CO2, R744, Cascade system, Natural refrigerant, Energy efficiency, COP
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Economical and environmental data analysis of hybrid HVAC system of air source heat pump and natural gas furnace for cold climate.

• Author(s) : DEMIREZEN G., ULLAH K., ROKN A., FUNG A. S.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Case study, Air-source system, Household application, Modelling, CO2 emission, Hybrid system, Natural gas, Cold climate, Cost, Boiler
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

Liquefied Natural Gas Cold Energy Utilization for Land-Based Cold Water Fish Aquaculture in South Korea.

• Author(s) : BAEK S., CHOI W., KIM G., SEO J., LEE S., JEONG H., SUNG Y.
• Publication date: 2022/10
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - n. 19
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Liquefied natural gas cold recovery for heavy-duty vehicles smart management.

• Author(s) : ARTECONI A., FIASCHI D., CIOCCOLANTI L., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Computational analysis of cross ventilation for spaces with operable transom windows in hot and humid climate.

• Author(s) : CHANG C. Y., CHAN Y-C.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Velocity (fluids, gases), Humid climate, CFD, Building, Natural ventilation, Pressure, Natural cold, Hot climate
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 5^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Exergo-economic trade-offs for cold climate heat pumps with low-GWP and natural refrigerants.

• Author(s) : BAHMAN A. M., ZIVIANI D.
• Publication date: 2021/06
• Languages : English
• Source: 2^nd IIR Conference on HFO Refrigerants and Low GWP Blends
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study of frost crystal dendrite growth on a cryogenic cold surface under natural convection conditions.

• Author(s) : YU F., LIU Z., LI Y., CHEN Y.
• Publication date: 2022/12
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 144
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CFD simulations and measurements of carbon dioxide transport in a passive house.

• Author(s) : SZCZEPANIK N., SCHNOTALE J.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Building, Measurement, Air quality, Simulation, Natural cold, Concentration, CO2
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Active shading system as a reduction of building cooling requirements.

• Author(s) : MASARYK M., MASARYK M. Jr
• Publication date: 2024/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Building, Slovakia, Sun, Civil engineering, Natural cold, Modelling, Expérimentation
• Source: 11^th IIR Conference on Compressors and Refrigerants.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Demonstration of free cooling with CO2.

• Author(s) : HEERUP C.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Technology, Data centre, Cooling, R744, Natural cold, Secondary refrigerant, CO2
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Evaporative cooling in Europe. When and how much is it worth?

• Author(s) : NORO M., LAZZARIN R., BAGARELLA G.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Economy, Building, Evaporative system, Energy saving, Natural cold, Air conditioning
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Utilization of cold energy of liquefied natural gas in air separation plant in a safer and More Energy Efficient Way.

• Author(s) : JOY J., SINGLA R., CHOWDHURY K.
• Publication date: 2019/05/08
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2019. Proceedings of the 15^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 8-11, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Research on pre-cooling energy saving of data center.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : YAN H.
• Publication date: 2015/05
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Precooling, Data centre, China, Performance, Case study, Energy saving, Natural cold, Air conditioning
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 45 - n. 303
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Refrigerantes naturais: tendências do mercado, políticas e tecnologias na indústria agroalimentar.

Natural refrigerants: market trends, policies and technologies in food industry.

• Author(s) : GASPAR P. D., AGUIAR M. L.
• Publication date: 2020/11/11
• Languages : Portuguese
• Keywords : Cold chain, HFC, Substitute, Energy consumption, Food industry, Portugal, Review, Natural refrigerant, Refrigerant
• Source: X Congreso Ibérico y VIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2020.
• Formats : PDF

IIR Member news: Carrier Transicold rents 2,000 CO2 reefers for shipping

Global shipping company MSC Mediterranean Shipping will lease 2,000 containers using Carrier Transicold’s NaturaLINE® CO2 refrigeration system.

• Publication date : 2018/10/18

Blueprint for a sustainable off-grid solar-powered cold room 20% cheaper than state of the art

In June 2025, Efficiency for Access published a report on constructing a sustainable solar-powered cold room using natural and locally available materials. Their design reduced embedded GHG emissions by 63% and...

• Publication date : 2025/08/20
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country

Flower pot as natural bio air conditioning system.

Created by Zurich-based independent designer Thibault Faverie, Cold Pot is a terracotta pot that gradually lowers the air temperature around it through a natural evaporation process.

• Publication date : 2014/02/20

GL2012 highlights: latent cold thermal storage: the energetic benefits

In response to German climate protection goals, requiring 80-95 % cuts in CO2 emissions before 2050, Michael Kauffeld presented a paper on “The Energetic Benefit of Latent Cold Thermal Energy Storage” at the 10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on...

• Publication date : 2012/11/20

Natural refrigerants power the transition to climate-friendly transport refrigeration

Refrigerated transport is essential to global food and pharmaceutical supply chains – but it’s also a hidden source of greenhouse gas emissions. As climate targets tighten and refrigerants face regulatory...

• Publication date : 2025/10/23
• Subjects: Technology

Energy saving initiatives for cooling in data centres

In January 2021, Europe’s leading cloud and data centre operators signed the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact, a self-regulatory initiative to become climate neutral by 2030. According to recent studies, free...

• Publication date : 2021/02/25
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Cooling as-a-Service in Nigeria : ColdHubs 2024 impact report

Through a Cooling-as-a-Service (CaaS) mechanism, 58 solar-powered cold rooms have helped thousands of Nigerian farmers to avoid over 13,800 kilograms of food loss in 2024. 

• Publication date : 2025/02/21
• Subjects: Developing country

LNG cold energy recovery for salmon aquaculture

A team of Korean researchersis proposing a novel application of LNG cold energy recovery for aquaculture. 

• Publication date : 2023/02/20
• Subjects: Technology

Briefs: Cool logistics

Carrier Transicold has launched NaturaLINE, a range of refrigerated-container technology using natural refrigerants claimed to be the first in the world. Working with Hapag-Lloyd, a Hamburg-based shipping company, Carrier has been testing the...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

Briefs: Britain’s greenest supermarket?

Tesco has opened its flagship environmental store in Wick in northern Scotland. The 4600 m2 store is expected to produce 50% less carbon emissions than a conventional supermarket of comparable size. Besides using wind turbines, solar cells and...

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

Marine refrigeration

The use of natural refrigerants is gradually spreading. Here are two examples of their use in the marine sector: - Environmentally-friendly fish transport American Freedom is one of the world's largest refrigerated ships and can hold up to...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

R&D

The US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed a new air-conditioning system combining membranes, evaporative coolers and desiccants into a single device with the objective to suit to all climates,...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Green buildings

Moscow City Tower is to be Europe's tallest and the world's second tallest building. The 600-m naturally ventilated tower designed by Norman Foster will accommodate 25 000 people - a city unto itself - and the designer is aiming for LEED gold...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

CO2, one of the options for reducing the carbon footprint of refrigerated transport

Comparison of CO2 emissions from refrigerated transport units using R744 and HFC-134a and overview of solutions that could reduce the carbon footprint of this sector. 

• Publication date : 2024/03/28
• Subjects: Environment

CO2 supermarkets: Tesco

Designed as Tesco's first zero-carbon store, the new store at Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, UK, is completely HFC-free. The supermarket is hence using natural refrigerants CO2 and hydrocarbons throughout its refrigerators, freezers, heating, ventilation...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

What’s on the IIR’s 2024 conference calendar?

The IIR calendar for 2024 features a promising choice of events covering cutting-edge refrigeration themes such as the cold chain, natural refrigerants, compressor technologies and much more! 

• Publication date : 2023/06/28

Sustainable cooling and heating in India: IIR partners in new INDEE3 project

The INDEE3 project aims to support India’s transition to low-carbon heating and cooling technologies. It promotes the use of natural refrigerants, improves refrigerant lifecycle management, and develops more...

• Publication date : 2025/07/09

IIR reaches a key milestone: over 10 years of conferences now referenced in Web of Science

The IIR is now indexed in Web of Science, with continuous referencing starting from 2014. This highlights the quality of its conferences and its authors’ contributions, while making research more accessible to...

• Publication date : 2025/02/18

Highlights from REFCOLD India 2024

The International Institute of Refrigeration recently participated in REFCOLD India 2024, held from October 3-5 in Kolkata, India. Organised by ISHRAE and Informa Markets, this

• Publication date : 2024/10/30

International events: GL2008

The 8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids (GL2008) was held in Copenhagen on September 7-10, 2008. The event attracted 397 participants from 32 countries. The initial conferences in the series tended to attract participants...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Member news: Automated order-pickup kiosks use containers from Carrier Transicold

Member news: grocery kiosks are being set up in Estonia. The CO2 refrigeration system is supplied by Carrier Transicold. 

• Publication date : 2021/04/29

IIR WRD 2025 Press Release : Countries urged to establish national refrigeration committees to tackle food, health, animals and climate challenges

Drawing on the outcomes of the WRD 2025 high-level event held on 18 June, the IIR calls for coordinated national action towards sustainable, equitable refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2025/06/26

IIR member news: Star Refrigeration

Star Refrigeration soon to hit US food firms with eco-friendly low-ammonia chillers and freezers

• Publication date : 2013/09/04

The 2025 Conference on Low-Emission Refrigeration and Refrigerant Substitution Held Successfully in Foshan, Guangdong

From 26 to 28 October 2025, the Conference on Low-Emission Refrigeration and Refrigerant Substitution was successfully held in Foshan, Guangdong.

• Publication date : 2025/11/24

IIR in Bangkok: Highlights from COP13/MOP36 and the World Cold Chain Symposium

IIR actively participated in the COP13/MOP36 and 2024 World Cold Chain Symposium events organised in Bangkok, Thailand, from 26 October to 1 November, hosting two side events and promoting solutions for...

• Publication date : 2024/11/27
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment

LNG fundamentals explained in the Encyclopedia of refrigeration

The latest entry in the IIR’s online Encyclopedia of refrigeration is a thematic file presenting LNG production processes, and cold energy recovery applications.

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: Technology

INDEE+ at 23rd India International Seafood Show (2023), Kolkata, India

In February 2023, INDEE+ successfully participated to the 23rd India International Seafood Show (2023) in Kolkata. The project was jointly promoted in a technical session and at a dedicated booth.

• Publication date : 2023/03/28

Another successful IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference 2016

Dedicated to natural refrigerants, mainly ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, Gustav Lorentzen 2016 was a great success attracting over 270 people and more than 145 papers from leading international researchers and industrialists.

• Publication date : 2016/09/14

Check out the upcoming cutting edge IIR events for 2016

IIR conference activities in 2016 show a promising choice of events.

• Publication date : 2015/12/16

IIR conference activities in 2016 show a promising choice of events

IIR conference activities in 2016 show a promising choice of events covering cutting edge refrigeration themes from refrigerants to energy issues; from cold chain sustainability to new refrigeration technologies.

• Publication date : 2016/03/02

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Ice creams

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information