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IIR document

Performance comparison of La0.8Ce 0.2Fe11.47Mn0.23Si1.3H1.8 magnetic refrigerant prepared by two methods.

• Author(s) : CHENG J., HUANG J. H., LIU C. L., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/09/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 7^th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VII). Proceedings: Turin, Italy, September 11-14, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Operational experiences and system improvement measures for gas absorption heat pump systems.

• Author(s) : CORRALES CIGANDA J. L., GRAF R., KÜHN A., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/04/16
• Languages : English
• Source: 6^th Conference on Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, April 16-18, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CARBON DIOXIDE CHILLING OF HOT BONED MEAT.

• Author(s) : SWAIN M. V. L., GIGIEL A. J., JAMES S. J.
• Publication date: 1986/09/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Game, Slaughterhouse, Dry ice, Microbiology, Meat, Profitability, Chilling, Hot boning, Boning, Hot climate
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CONTROL OF BACTERIAL GROWTH ON HOT BONED MEAT.

• Author(s) : WALKER D. J.
• Publication date: 1986/09/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Slaughterhouse, Microbiology, Meat, Chilling, Hot boning, Freezing
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

AUTOMATIC PLATE FREEZING OF HOT-BONED MEATS. AN ALTERNATIVE TO POSTSLAUGHTER CHILLING.

• Author(s) : VISSER K.
• Publication date: 1986/09/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Industrial freezer, Cold boning, Meat, Profitability, Beef, Australia, Hot boning, Boning, Freezing, Plate freezer
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CHILLING HOT BONED MEAT WITH SOLID CARBON DIOXIDE.

• Author(s) : GIGIEL A.
• Publication date: 1985
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Slaughterhouse, Dry ice, Microbiology, Meat, Profitability, Chilling, Hot boning, Insulated container, CO2
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 8 - n. 2
• Formats : PDF

PROCESSING, MICROBIAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF COOLER AND FREEZER STORED HOT-BONED BEEF.

• Author(s) : REAGAN J. O.
• Publication date: 1981
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Meat, Chilling, Beef, Organoleptic property, Flavour, Sausage, Hot boning, Freezing

IIR document

CALCULATION OF WATER ACTIVITY ON THE SURFACE OF HOT BONED MUSCLES DURING CHILLING.

• Author(s) : DAUDIN J. D.
• Publication date: 1986/09/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Calculation, Microbiology, Measurement, Mass transfer, Meat, Chilling, Weight loss, Hot boning, Water activity
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MEAT CHILLING: AN UPDATE.

• Author(s) : SHAW B. G., MACKEY B. M., ROBERTS T. A.
• Publication date: 1986/09/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Microbiology, Meat, Chilling, Chemical property, Hot boning, Boning
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The effects of chilling on beef and lamb quality.

• Author(s) : OUALI A.
• Publication date: 1996/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Lamb, Meat, Design, Chilling, Beef, Quality, Hot boning
• Source: New Developments in Meat Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND MEAT QUALITY.

• Author(s) : CHRYSTALL B. B.
• Publication date: 1982/01/26
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Tenderness, Slaughterhouse, Lamb, Meat, Chilling, Beef, Organoleptic property, Electrical stimulation, Hot boning
• Source: Refrigeration of perishable products for distant markets.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A COMPARISON OF ULTRARAPID AND IMMERSION CHILLING OF PORK.

• Author(s) : JAMES S. J.
• Publication date: 1988/05/17
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Regulations, Slaughterhouse, EEC, Cutting (action), Comparison, Meat, Chilling, Pork, Immersion, Hot boning
• Source: Cold chains in economic perspective.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

AUTOMATIC PLATE FREEZER DEVELOPMENT.

• Author(s) : VISSER K.
• Publication date: 1986
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Industrial freezer, Automation, Meat, Electrical stimulation, Packaging, Development, Hot boning, Freezing, Plate freezer
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 9 - n. 6
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

INFLUENCE OF CHILLING ON BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND QUALITY OF PORK.

• Author(s) : HONIKEL K. O.
• Publication date: 1986/09/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cold shortening, Meat, Chilling, Organoleptic property, Chemical property, Pork, Ph, Hot boning, Colour
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A quasi-steady state approach to the design of meat plant refrigeration systems.

• Author(s) : PHAM Q. T., WEE H. K., LOVATT S. J., LINDSAY D., KEMP R. M.
• Publication date: 1993/11/15
• Languages : English
• Source: Cold Chain Refrigeration Equipment by Design.
• Formats : PDF

Air conditioning has cut premature deaths on hot days in US by 80% since 1960

A new study by researchers from Carnegie Mellon University, University of California and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has concluded that air conditioning played a key role in the reduction of the mortality risk associated with high...

• Publication date : 2013/06/17

Increased air-conditioning demand expected in a hot future

Climate change could contribute to a more than three-fold increase in heat-related deaths in the UK by the 2050s and increase the demand for air conditioning, a new report claims.

• Publication date : 2014/02/25

Solar cooling for large buildings in South Africa

A solar cooling solution to reduce energy costs for large buildings by combining high-efficiency chillers with hybrid solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) technologies has been introduced in South Africa.

• Publication date : 2013/07/02

Solar Air conditioning

With high summer temperatures, air-conditioning and thermal comfort are increasingly important issues, but raise the challenges of high energy consumption and of environmental consequences. Three recent projects use solar energy to operate...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Artificial intelligence techniques for energy-efficient HVAC systems

The benefits of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems was one of the hot topics of the IIR-co-sponsored International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Sustainable and Intelligent HVACR...

• Publication date : 2018/09/20

R&D

The US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed a new air-conditioning system combining membranes, evaporative coolers and desiccants into a single device with the objective to suit to all climates,...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Chillers: efficiency takes off

Chillers are key refrigerating systems since, according to the Department of Energy, in the US, they account for about 13% of the power consumed by the nation's buildings and 9% of the overall demand for electric power. Examples below illustrate...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Latest progress in the Caribbean Cooling Initiative

Jamaica and the Dominican Republic are working towards setting up policies and minimum energy efficiency requirements to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions from cooling. 

• Publication date : 2021/05/31
• Subjects: Regulation, Developing country, Environment

A solar-plus-ice-battery-storage system at Palm Springs Cultural Center

Ice Energy and Horizon Solar Power have completed the installation of a solar-plus-ice-battery-storage system at Palm Springs Cultural Center in California.

• Publication date : 2017/04/18

Briefs: Largest climatic laboratory

The McKinley Climatic Laboratory, located in the US Air Force Eglin Base in Florida, USA, which began testing in 1947, is the largest climate testing facility in the world. The temperature inside the 77 x 61 x 21 m hangar, with a 4700 m² base...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

Micro-Innovation

Mechanical engineers at Purdue University have created a miniature device that aims to replace conventional evaporators. Cited as a "long-term solution" in technological advances, the use of existing technical know-how for the refrigeration loop...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Award for the first air-conditioned building in the UK

Opened in 1903, the Royal Victoria Hospital’s air conditioning system is seen as a milestone in the history of environmental engineering, cleaning the air and controlling both temperature and humidity in the hospital for the comfort of staff and...

• Publication date : 2018/12/27

ICR2019: overview of current refrigeration research topics (part III)

Energy storage, desiccant air conditioning, high-temperature heat pumps and ejector technologies were some of the salient topics of the latest IIR Congress. Continuation of the synthesis of key presentations of ICR2019.

• Publication date : 2019/10/30

Solar panels and a "water battery" to provide chilled water for air conditioners in an Australian university

The University of the Sunshine Coast, in Australia, has announced plans to install a giant "water battery" run by 5,800 solar panels to provide chilled water for air conditioning.

• Publication date : 2018/07/09

Higher AC setting temperatures to reduce thermal discomfort and energy demand in warm countries

Using data from four cities in India, Philippines, and Thailand, a recent study found that occupants experience thermal discomfort from unnecessarily low air conditioning (AC) temperature settings. Warmer indoor...

• Publication date : 2020/11/27

HARFKO and KRAIA’s anniversary

The 7th HARFKO, organized by KRAIA (Korea Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Industry Association) was held in Seoul on May 25-27, 2005 and attracted 160 exhibitors and visitors from 20 countries. Myriam Armengaud and Susan Phalippou ran the IIR's...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Partnerships with other international organizations

- Eric Granryd, President of the General Conference, and Didier Coulomb attended the ASHRAE Winter Meeting in January 2006, and highlighted the role of the IIR and the need for cooperation on environmental issues. They also met with the US...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Conference: Auckland

The IIR Conference Innovative Equipment and Systems for Comfort and Food Preservation took place in Auckland, New Zealand, on February 16-19, 2006. It was co-organized with IRHACE (Institute of Refrigeration, Heating and Air-Conditioning...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Conference update: Sydney

The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia, on April 12-14, 2010. The call for papers and first announcement are now available:

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Conference update: Sydney

The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia on, April 12-14, 2010. The conference will place a heavy emphasis on natural refrigerant CO2 as a real alternative solution....

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

ICR2007 in Beijing

The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) holds Congresses every 4 years. They have two objectives: - a scientific objective: apart from the numerous IIR and IIR-co-sponsored conferences (about 50 over a 4-year period), which are focused...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

IIR Working Party on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems: Join Us!

Suitable design of refrigerating systems has several benefits in terms of limitation of the environmental impact thanks to a reduction in the energy consumption and the limitation of refrigerant emissions. The direct greenhouse effect accounts for...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

IIR Conference report: Ohrid

The 4th IIR Conference on Ammonia Refrigeration Technology took place in Ohrid, Macedonia (FYROM), on April 14-16, 2011. 111 persons from 33 countries attended. Scientific papers were presented, and policy and regulations issues were covered.

• Publication date : 2011/05/13

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

For IIR members only

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2022/10/12
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2022/06/20
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG