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Cold injury to peripheral nerve.
IIR document
CRYONEUROSURGICAL MACHINE: SYSTEM, TECHNOLOGY AND THEORY.
APPLICATIONS DE LA CRYOCHIRURGIE EN NEUROCHIRURGIE.
APPLICATION OF CRYOSURGERY IN NEUROSURGERY.
Temperature effects on the nerve stem compound action potential in toad ischiadicus nervus.
Cryopreserved muscle basal lamina grafts retain their grafting potential for nerve repair.
Developments and challenges on SQUID-based biomagnetic measurement systems: expansion of applications to spinal cord and peripheral nerve measurements.
[In Japanese. / En japonais.]
Refrigeration sector monitoring
849 results
MOP35: aid funds against dumping of inefficient cooling equipment
At MOP35, it was decided to allocate more aid funds to developing countries and to take measures against the dumping of inefficient cooling equipment containing obsolete...
India tests expose AC inefficiencies at higher temperatures
In India, air conditioners are responsible for peak energy consumption in urban districts.
Must read: evidence and guidelines against dumping of inefficient cooling equipment in developing countries
The IGSD compiled a resource guide to inform stakeholders on environmentally harmful dumping of new but energy-inefficient cooling equipment that uses high global-warming-potential...
Member news: Star Refrigeration continues to develop Azanefreezer’s production for cold stores
Azanefreezer, an ammonia system, has just been installed in a cold store near Peterborough, UK.
Israel has launched a programme to replace 10 000 inefficient air conditioners
In Israel, the Energy and Water Ministry launched in March 2012 a programme to replace 10 000 air conditioners, aiming to provide energy savings of 17 million kWh per year.
Qatar will ban inefficient air conditioners
The importation, storage, display and sale of inefficient air conditioners is to be banned in Qatar from July 1, 2016.
Ghana gets support to phase-out energy inefficient air conditioners
The German Government is partnering Ghana, under its “Green Cooling Initiative” to reduce or phase-out all energy-inefficient air conditioners that contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions.
Inefficient R22 air conditioners dumped in Africa
According to a recent report, 35% of room air conditioners (RAC) sold in ten African countries are low efficiency RACs. RACs containing R22 account for 47% of the market, while 49% contain R410A.Setting minimum...
North Africa air conditioner’s market
North Africa air conditioner market is projected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.55% during 2016-22.
Latin America and the Caribbean: implementing efficiency policies to curb dumping of inefficient air conditioners
According to a report published by the CLASP, 44% of all new air conditioners sold in eleven countries in Latin America and the Caribbean constitute environmental dumping of low efficiency equipment. However,...
Micro-trigeneration trends and perspectives
Micro-trigeneration systems are emerging in various applications like residential buildings, hotels, hospitals, university campuses, automobiles, etc.
Trigeneration for new MediaCityUK
MediaCityUK, based at Salford Quays, on Manchester’s historic Ship Canal, is a new media enterprise zone for northern England. The BBC relocated five of its departments from London to the site in 2011.
Innovative trigeneration system for off-grid homes and businesses
An innovative 'trigeneration' system fuelled entirely by raw plant oils could have great potential for isolated homes and businesses operating outside grid systems.
Trigeneration: an asset for the world’s "best building"
One Central Park, the newly awarded “best tall building” in Sydney features trigeneration and on-site solar technology.
Briefs: Japanese programme for next generation heat pumps
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in Japan has set up the Next Generation Heat Pump Research Council within the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO) in order to examine concrete research proposals....
IIR news
353 results
Walk-In Cold Rooms: A Practitioner’s Technical Guide
In many developing countries, agriculture is crucial to livelihoods, and developing the cold chain from field to table can boost incomes and stimulate economic growth. Cold stores are an essential link in the...
Discover the 33rd IIR Informatory Note on "Cogeneration/Trigeneration"
This Informatory Note discusses the operating principles of cogeneration and trigeneration as well as their advantages and challenges.
Statement from IIR Director General at MOP37
Statement delivered by Dr. Yosr Allouche, IIR Director General, on November 7, 2025 at MOP37, in Nairobi, Kenya.
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 34
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 34th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-34) in Montréal, Canada (octobre 31 –...
Statement from IIR Director General at COP29
Watch the IIR’s official statement delivered by IIR Director General Yosr Allouche at COP29, held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from 11-22 November, 2024. Transcript is available...
IIR Conferences: Statement by the Director General
The Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration, Yosr Allouche, invites participants from around the world to join the upcoming IIR conferences, which are open to all.
Statement from IIR Director General at COP13/MOP36
On the final day of COP13/MOP36, held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 28 October to 1 November 2024, IIR Director General Yosr Allouche delivered IIR’s official statement to the Plenary.
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 26
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 26th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 26) in...
Statement by Yosr Allouche, new Director General of the IIR
The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is pleased to announce the official nomination of Yosr Allouche as its new Director General. In this statement, she outlines her vision and aspirations for the...
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 27
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 27th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 27) in Charm...
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 21
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris (November...
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 25
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 25th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 25), in Madrid (December 2-13, 2019).
Daikin launches educational initiative on next-generation refrigerants
Daikin Comfort Technologies partners with the ESCO Institute to prepare the HVAC industry for the use of low global warming potential refrigerants.
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 35
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 35th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-35) in Nairobi, Kenya (octobre 23 –...
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 28
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-28) in Kigali...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
15 results
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
For IIR members only
Heat pump stock in Europe
This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Events
10 results
Sponsored event
9th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue
July 12, 2026 - July 16, 2026
West Lafayette, IN, United States
A conference co-sponsored by the IIR Since 1972, Herrick Labs has hosted the premier international conferences on Compressor Engineering, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, and...
Find out more
IIR event
Data Centers at a Crossroads: Energy, Cooling, and Policy Challenges
May 12, 2026
Register...
11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting
June 07, 2026 - June 11, 2026
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Submit your full paper now! The 11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting (Thermag 2026), to be...
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
Other event
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
2026 China International Heat Pump Conference
October 13, 2026 - October 17, 2026
Shanghai, China
Following the resounding success of the 2nd China Heat Pump Conference (CHPC 2024) in Shenzhen, which gathered over 850 experts and delegates from 33 countries & regions, the upcoming 3rd CHPC in 2026 is poised to further expand its global...
27th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration
August 21, 2027 - August 27, 2027
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Save the date! The International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR) is a leading global event in the field of refrigeration, organised by the International Institute of Refrigeration...
15th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems
September 13, 2027 - September 15, 2027
London, United Kingdom
On September 13-15, 2027, the 15th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems of City University of London will provide a forum for debate on developments in air, gas and refrigeration...
15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
September 16, 2026 - September 18, 2026
Xi'an, China
Currently accepting full papers! The 15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for...
21st International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue
