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A review of the mathematical models for the flow and heat transfer of microencapsulated phase change slurry (MEPCS).

• Author(s) : LI H., YU G., XU H., HAN X., LIU H.
• Publication date: 2023/03
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 16 - n. 6
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Une nouvelle approche d'optimisation de pompe à chaleur tenant compte du couplage entre les réservoirs thermiques et le cycle.

• Author(s) : FEIDT M., COSTEA M.
• Publication date: 2021/12
• Languages : French
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 132
• Formats : PDF

Agroalimentaire : les nouveaux enjeux de la sécurité alimentaire.

• Author(s) : ROSSO L.
• Publication date: 2014/09
• Languages : French
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - vol. 103 - n. 1146

Modelling the energy production of a Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) system.

• Author(s) : CHICCO J. M., MANDRONE G.
• Publication date: 2022/12
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - n. 24
• Formats : PDF

Etat de l’art en supraconductivité appliquée.

• Author(s) : TIXADOR P.
• Publication date: 2014/09
• Languages : French
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - vol. 103 - n. 1146

Fluides frigorigènes et secteur de la distribution : arbres de décision.

• Author(s) : Carbone 4
• Publication date: 2015/09
• Languages : French
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental assessment of the use of R515B as R1234ze(E) alternative in a small water-to-water heat pump.

• Author(s) : COLOMBO L. P. M., FRIGERIO D., LUCCHINI A., MOLINAROLI L.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Impact of high-efficiency and variable-speed motors on the performance of a residential split-system air conditioning system.

• Author(s) : BREHM J. K., RADITSCH F. R., HEPPERLA R., ZIVIANI D., GROLL E. A.
• Publication date: 2022
• Languages : English
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 19^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Congélation en présence de micro-ondes : application à la viande de porc.

• Author(s) : XANTHAKIS E., LE BAIL A., RAMASWAMY H.
• Publication date: 2014/10
• Languages : French
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - vol. 103 - n. 1147/1148

Evaluation of optimal chiller plant control algorithms in model-based design platform with hardware-in-the-loop.

• Author(s) : LI P., YUAN S., KANG K., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 4^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Balancing the cryopreservation equation.

• Author(s) : THOMPSON M., KUNKEL E., EHRHARDT R.
• Publication date: 2014/12
• Languages : English
• Source: Cold Facts - vol. 30 - n. 6

The improving effect of reduced glutathione on boar sperm cryotolerance is related with the intrinsic ejaculate freezability.

• Author(s) : YESTE M., ESTRADA E., PINART E., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/04
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryobiology - vol. 68 - n. 2

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Increased qualitative and quantitative requirements put on haematopoietic cell establishments as the result of the COVID-19 pandemic – own experience.

• Author(s) : MERICKA P., GREGOR J., JANDOVA M., LÁNSKÁ M., RADOCHA J., STERBA L.
• Publication date: 2021/10/05
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2021 online. Proceedings of the 16^th IIR International Conference, October 5-7, 2021.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Low temperature photo pyroelectric study on the glassy state in the presence of cryoprotectants - comparison with DSC and viscosity studies.

• Author(s) : MATHEW A., ESCORNE B., ELASS A., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Strategies for the design of bi-layer scaffolds for the regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.

• Author(s) : REINSCH H., KRETSCHMER R., HEIDINGSFELDER J.
• Publication date: 2016/09/08
• Languages : English
• Source: 2^nd IIR Workshop on cold applications in life sciences.
• Formats : PDF

The RFID in the cold chain market

The total RFID on the cold chain market globally is likely to see growth of 27.5% between 2012 and 2017.

• Publication date : 2013/05/31

Out of the ordinary: The world’s first refrigerated beach!

Versace, the renowned fashion house, is to create the world's first cooled beach so that hotel guests can walk comfortably across the sand on scorching days. The beach will be next to the new Palazzo Versace Hotel which is being built in Dubai,...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

The future of HFCs was at the heart of discussions in Geneva

Several issues of importance for the refrigeration sector were handled during the 30th meeting of the Open-ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in Geneva, on June 15-18, 2010 where...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Out of the ordinary: Vanilla and ice skating on the Eiffel Tower

Special treat for the festive season: skating on a 200 m² vanilla-perfumed rink 57 m above ground level on the Eiffel Tower, with hot wine and cakes served as refreshments. Installing the rink was a technical feat: 10 tonnes of refrigerating...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Refrigeration is the greatest invention in the history of food and drink

The Royal Society, a pre-eminent UK national academy of science classified refrigeration as the greatest invention in the history of food and drink in a project identifying the 20 most important inventions throughout human history.

• Publication date : 2012/11/23
• Subjects: General information

Uncertainty in the prediction of the climate response to rising levels of GHG

According to a study published in Nature on January 27, 2005, the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases could be much worse than predicted. The study, carried out by Pr Stainforth's team, shows the uncertainty in the predictions....

• Publication date : 2005/03/15

ARI Publishes the Statistical Profile of the Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Industry

On October 7, 2004, the Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) published the 2004 edition of the Statistical Profile of the Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Industry. This publication provides statistical data, from...

• Publication date : 2004/11/19

Out of the ordinary: Ötzi, the 5300-year-old iceman, has been reconstructed

Ötzi, the 5300-year-old iceman, has been reconstructed 20 years after he was found on a glacier in the Italian Alps. The reconstruction performed by Dutch artists Alfons and Adrie Kennis is on display at the Archaelogical Museum in Bolzano, Italy,...

• Publication date : 2011/06/09

China overtook the US to become the world's biggest energy consumer in 2010

A report recently released by BP said China overtook the United States to become the world's biggest energy consumer in 2010. BP, in its 60th annual Statistical Review of World Energy, said China accounted for 20.3% of demand, compared with...

• Publication date : 2011/08/04

Scientists recommend modifying the Montreal Protocol so that it covers the use of HFCs.

In a new paper published in Science, G. Velders et al. estimate that climate benefits resulting from the Montreal Protocol – which regulates ozone-depleting CFCs and HCFCs – will soon be counterbalanced by HFC emissions, which are currently...

• Publication date : 2012/07/16
• Subjects: Environment, General information

Geothermal heat pumps on the rise

Geothermal (ground-source) heat pumps (GHPs) are one of the fastest growing applications of renewable energy in the world with worldwide annual growth rate which exceeded 10% over the past 10 years.

• Publication date : 2012/07/06
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Supercooling the LHC

CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the new research instrument of the world's elementary particle physics community. This discovery-making machine will explore the structure of matter and basic forces of nature on a scale never attained before....

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

GL2012 highlights: latent cold thermal storage: the energetic benefits

In response to German climate protection goals, requiring 80-95 % cuts in CO2 emissions before 2050, Michael Kauffeld presented a paper on “The Energetic Benefit of Latent Cold Thermal Energy Storage” at the 10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on...

• Publication date : 2012/11/20

The French Climate Plan

This summer, the French Minister of the Environment and Sustainable Development presented the Climate Plan: the government's action plan to address, by 2010, the major challenge of climate change. It involves measures encompassing all sectors of...

• Publication date : 2004/11/10

Briefs: The hole truth

The closely monitored ozone hole above Antarctica is renowned for its unpredictable seasonal behaviour and changes in shape. High-altitude clouds form above Antarctica as soon as the temperature goes below -85°C in winter and spring, seasons...

• Publication date : 2004/07/27

The IIR participated in the EC consultation on the F-gas Regulation

In response to the European Commission (EC) consultation, the IIR sent comments on an EC report on the application, effects and adequacy of the F-gas Regulation.

• Publication date : 2012/02/08
• Subjects: Regulation

New publications: The French version of the Red Book

The French version of the Red Book (Recommendations for the Processing and Handling of Frozen Foods) is on sale! The 4th edition of this IIR reference publication - prepared by Mr Leif Bøgh-Sørensen and several international experts - gives an...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

New publications: The CD-ROM proceedings of the Vicenza IIR Conferences

The CD-ROM proceedings of the Vicenza IIR Conferences on 1) Commercial Refrigeration and 2) Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants are on sale. They comprise 134 papers. Main topics: 1) display cabinets, energy simulation...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Activities of the IIR’s Commission on Refrigerated Storage and the IIR’s international partnerships

The activity of Commission D1, Refrigerated Storage, is involved in the links with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Within these partnerships, major projects are being...

• Publication date : 2012/07/04

The 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC2013): a great success

The 2nd IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC2013) took place in Paris on April 2-4, 2013. With 180 participants, 78 papers and three leading edge plenary presentations, the event was highly successful.

• Publication date : 2013/05/29

The Beijing Congress

The 22nd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration will be held in Beijing, China, on August 21-26, 2007. IIR congresses are held every 4 years in various parts of the world, showing the global influence of the IIR. The previous event was held...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

The Beijing Congress

The 22nd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration will be held in Beijing, China, on August 21-26, 2007. IIR congresses are held every 4 years in various parts of the world, showing the global influence of the IIR. The previous event was held...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

New publications: The CD-ROM proceedings of the 1st IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature

The CD-ROM proceedings of the 1st IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature held in Montreux, Switzerland, are now available. They comprise 4 keynote presentations, 20 papers on materials (gadolinium and its...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

The proceedings CD-ROM of the 3rd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Valencia are on sale!

The proceedings CD-ROM comprising 8 plenary presentations, 13 papers, and 2 industrial PowerPoint presentations are on sale on the IIR's Web site (Publications/Bookshop section)

• Publication date : 2013/02/21

The new e-Bulletin

Many of you are already aware that the Bulletin of the IIR is now being provided in electronic form. The new e-Bulletin, available via Internet, contains all the information provided in the paper version of the Bulletin: abstracts of articles and...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

The IJR is 30!

The IJR is celebrating its 30th birthday! The first issue was published on May 1, 1978. In his first Editorial, the first Editor-in-Chief, Professor G. G. Haselden, University of Leeds, UK, spoke about the spirit, concept, and aims of the new...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

Statutory meetings of the IIR

The annual statutory meetings of the IIR took place on June 6-9, 2006, in the beautiful premises of the French Ministry of Research in Paris: the Publications Sub-Committee, the Management Committee, the Science and Technology Council and the...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

UNEP events: the Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol: Celebrating 20 Years of Progress The Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer will celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the signature of this landmark international treaty, which is widely...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Brief: The IIR’s 100th anniversary

The IIR, along with several national refrigeration associations, will be 100 years old in 2008 (the first International Congress of Refrigeration took place in 1908). The French Refrigeration Association (AFF) will organize several events and a...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Brief: The IIR’s 100th anniversary

The IIR, along with several national refrigeration associations, will be 100 years old in 2008 (the first International Congress of Refrigeration took place in 1908). The French Refrigeration Association (AFF) will organize several events and a...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics