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IIR document

Salting of mackerel fillets in refrigerated brine.

• Author(s) : WIDELL K. N., STANDAL I. B., SCHEI M., INDERGÅRD E., NORDTVEDT T. S.
• Publication date: 2020/08/26
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Fish, Mackerel, Brine, Expérimentation, Salt (generic), Temperature variation
• Source: 6^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Nantes, France, August 26-28 2020
• Formats : PDF, Video

IIR document

The effect of salinity and temperature on electromagnetic wave attenuation in brine.

• Author(s) : HALES A., QUARINI G., HILTON G., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice slurry, Ice, Brine, Temperature, Wave, Electromagnetism
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 51
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Energy consumption of hot gas, electrical and brine defrost.

• Author(s) : SKOVRUP M., VESTERGAARD N., KORTSTEE J.
• Publication date: 2019/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Hot gas, Generality, Electricity, Measurement, Brine, Simulation, Evaporator, Energy saving, Defrosting
• Source: 8^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, Avril 11-13, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Ice slurry production control system for supercooled brine in a nylon helical coiled heat exchanger.

• Author(s) : BROOKS J. S., QUARINI G. L., TIERNEY M. J.
• Publication date: 2018/05/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice slurry, Brine, Supercooling, Production, Expérimentation, Heat exchanger, Sodium chloride
• Source: 12^th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Proceedings: Orford, Canada, May 21-23, 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Refrigerant charge distribution in brine-to-water heat pump using R290 as refrigerant.

• Author(s) : SANCHEZ MORENO GINER L., METHLER T., BARCELÓ RUESCAS F., GONZÁLVEZ-MACIÁ J.
• Publication date: 2023/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R290, Propane, Low charge, Refrigerant charge, Brine, Heat pump, Seasonal performance, COP, Prototype, Natural refrigerant
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 145
• Formats : PDF

Refrigerant charge prediction fluctuations in the SCOP campaign of a brine-water heat pump.

• Author(s) : SÁNCHEZ-MORENO-GINER L., BARCELÓ RUESCAS F., GONZÁLVEZ-MACIÁ J.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pump, Domestic heat pump, Refrigerant charge, Hydrocarbon, Natural refrigerant, Brine, Seasonal performance, Energy efficiency, Simulation
• Source: XI Congreso Ibérico y IX Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Simulation and experimental analysis of a plug-in brine cooled R744 transcritical refrigerated cabinet.

• Author(s) : KOTENKO O., MIYAGI K., KIMURA M.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Improvements for the ice slurry production with the supercooling method.

• Author(s) : GUND S., SCHMID O., KAUFFELD M.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice slurry, Thermal energy storage, Supercooling, Brine, Expérimentation, Production
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of freezing conditions on the extractive component in oyster Crassostrea gigas.

• Author(s) : MURATA Y., TOUHATA K.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Nitrogen, Brine, Oyster, Expérimentation, Ethanol, Freezing, Organic acid, Amino acid
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Field experience with residential heat pumps in Switzerland: potential for improvement and future developments.

• Author(s) : ARPAGAUS C., BERTHOLD M., UHLMANN M., KUSTER R., ESCHMANN M., BERTSCH S.
• Publication date: 2023/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Domestic heat pump, Air-water, Brine, Seasonal performance, Energy efficiency, Optimization, Variable speed, Inverter, Switzerland, Household application, Energy consumption, Case study
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Dual Source Heat exchanger as evaporator/condenser in a R290 heat pump: Design and experimental validation.

• Author(s) : PEÑA X., ALONSO L., AGIRRE A., HERNANDEZ J., TREBILCOCK F.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Onboard pre-chilling of ungutted and gutted Atlantic cod in different cooling media -Temperature measurements and analytical modelling.

• Author(s) : ELIASSON S., ARASON S., MARGEIRSSON B., PALSSON O. P.
• Publication date: 2021/12
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 132
• Formats : PDF

Numerical comparison of the yearly performance of an indirect vapour compression heat pump working with R290 with R410A systems.

• Author(s) : CROCI N., FUSARO M., MOLINAROLI L.
• Publication date: 2023/05/15
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Progress in ground-source heat pumps using natural refrigerants.

• Author(s) : WU W., SKYE H. M.
• Publication date: 2018/08
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 92
• Formats : PDF

Efficiency of heat pumps in real operating conditions-Results of three monitoring campaigns in Germany.

• Author(s) : MIARA M., GÜNTHER D., LANGNER R., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/09
• Languages : English
• Source: REHVA Journal - vol. 51 - n. 5

Marine refrigeration

The use of natural refrigerants is gradually spreading. Here are two examples of their use in the marine sector: - Environmentally-friendly fish transport American Freedom is one of the world's largest refrigerated ships and can hold up to...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

Briefs: Grenco Marine

Grenco Marine has developed the first ammonia/carbon dioxide cascade systems to be used on board fishing vessels. Experience with the Dirk-Dirk (a trawler with a capacity of 235 tons of fish/day) led to the development of a new defrosting process:...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

The potential of LNG as a marine fuel will hinge on pricing

The potential for liquefied natural gas (LNG) to become a marine fuel on a mass scale is now a very real prospect and some experts predict that LNG will be the dominant shipping fuel by 2050.

• Publication date : 2013/04/09

Research & Development: A cooling curtain made of a porous triple-layer membrane

A doctoral student at ETH Zurich's Functional Materials Laboratory has developed a cooling curtain made of a porous triple-layer membrane.

• Publication date : 2017/09/01

GHG emissions in international marine shipping.

GHG emissions from international shipping increased by 9.6% between 2012 and 2018, according to the Fourth Greenhouse Gas Study published in 2020 by the International Maritime Organization. HFC and HCFC...

• Publication date : 2021/06/29
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Environment

A sustainable refrigeration solution for the urban delivery market

A US company was awarded for refrigeration units using rechargeable batteries or solar panels to allow for a complete off-engine operation when vehicles are at delivery stops.

• Publication date : 2018/12/27

Cuban plant to destroy substances depleting the ozone layer

Cuba will be the first country in Latin America to open a plant meant to destroy CFCs.

• Publication date : 2014/12/03

Reducing food waste: can we keep open canned sardines in the refrigerator?

Researchers from the University of Porto studied the shelf life at 4°C of open canned sardines, depending on the type of seasoning (sardines in brine, vegetable oil, tomato...

• Publication date : 2022/08/16
• Subjects: General information

Residential CO2 heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). A theoretical and experimental study was carried out for a residential brine-to-water CO2 heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating - a...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

Mine cooling

Cooling the world's deepest single-shaft mine: cooling Anglogold Mponeng gold mine in Gauteng, South Africa, is a challenge - the mine is 3.68 km deep and without cooling, temperatures can reach 60°C at the mine face. Six 3.5 MW Eco-Vim...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Instant milk-cooling system utilising propane and either ice slurry or traditional ice bank

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). Two novel milk-cooling concepts have been designed and installed at two Danish farms. These systems have a respective capacity of 14 400 and 16 000 litres of...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

Briefs: 1905: St Michel station the Parisian Métro

Today, freezing is widely used in tunnel construction. However, it was recent technology in 1905 when line No. 4 of the Parisian Métro system was under construction. This was the first line built under the Seine and the works proved difficult...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Briefs: 1905: St Michel station the Parisian Métro

Today, freezing is widely used in tunnel construction. However, it was recent technology in 1905 when line No. 4 of the Parisian Métro system was under construction. This was the first line built under the Seine and the works proved difficult...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Differentiated chilling for meat

A new intelligent-pad-chilling method for meat carcasses developed by DMRI Consult for the Danish Meat Research Institute, is claimed to be able to reduce meat weight loss by 90% and reduce energy costs by approximately 50%. Each carcass is...

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

Markets: Heat Pumps

- Heat pumps hot in Europe According to the Swedish Heat Pump Association, SVEP, the Swedish market for domestic heat pumps has developed greatly over the last ten years, with over 100 000 heat pumps being sold in 2004. Exhaust air heat...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

News from IIR members: Communauté Urbaine de Dunkerque

During a meeting at the IIR on May 30, 2011, several persons from Communauté Urbaine de Dunkerque (Dunkerque Urban Community) (a benefactor member of the IIR) presented the launching of an Institute of Low-Temperature Technology (Innocold).The...

• Publication date : 2011/08/10

Conference overview: Sustainable Management of Refrigeration Technologies in Marine and Off-Shore Fisheries Sectors

In partnership with the UNEP, ASHRAE and UNIDO, the IIR organised a conference in Bangkok (Thailand) in April 2017 on the Sustainable Management of Refrigeration Technologies in the Marine Sector and Offshore Fisheries.

• Publication date : 2017/05/31

Conference update: Ohrid

The 3rd IIR event in a series, Ammonia Refrigeration Technology was held on May 7-9, 2009, in Ohrid, Macedonia. With 95 participants from 24 countries and 32 papers presented, the event was very successful. A key focus of this series of...

• Publication date : 2009/05/27

The IIR with the World Bank in West Bengal

The IIR is a key partner in the World Bank’s project on the Inland Waterways Transport (IWT) integration into the cold chain in West Bengal 

• Publication date : 2021/09/07

New IIR members

The IIR welcomes the following new members: Benefactor members Communauté Urbaine de Dunkerque, France EPEE, Belgium Private members Mr Nacer Achaichia, Belgium Mr Pascal Leterrible, France Mr Georges Marguerite, France Mr Mitchell...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

New IIR members

The IIR welcomes the following new members : Corporate members Frigor Service Réunion, Saint Pierre, Ile de la Réunion Veolia Environnement, Limay, France Private members Mr Jean-Pierre Bernard, France Mr Leonilton Tomaz Cleto,...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

IIR Working Party on “Energy Labelling in the Cold Chain”

The Terms of Reference of the new IIR Working Party (WP) "Energy labelling in the cold chain" have been approved. The main objective of this WP - chaired by Prof. Giovanni Cortella, Italy, and involving Commissions D1 and D2 - is to investigate...

• Publication date : 2008/05/16

Three educational and awareness-raising events within the framework of INDEE+ project in 2021

For the INDEE+ project, the end of the year 2021 was marked by several educational events aiming to raise awareness of the application of clean cooling systems offered by the CO2/R744 refrigeration...

• Publication date : 2022/01/28

Available - New IIR publication: Technological options for retail refrigeration

Written by several experts from the acclaimed London South Bank University (UK), the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is proud to present the “Technological options for retail refrigeration”.

• Publication date : 2018/11/22

IIR member news: Carrier Transicold

Quest II: container refrigeration with 65% less CO2 emission.

• Publication date : 2013/09/16

INDEE+ at 23rd India International Seafood Show (2023), Kolkata, India

In February 2023, INDEE+ successfully participated to the 23rd India International Seafood Show (2023) in Kolkata. The project was jointly promoted in a technical session and at a dedicated booth.

• Publication date : 2023/03/28

Call for abstracts ends October 10: LNG2023, “Fuelling a Secure Energy Future”

LNG2023 is the largest and most significant global LNG industry conference and exhibition, occurring once every three years!

• Publication date : 2022/09/27
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

LNG2023: Call for abstracts extended to October 24!

A two-week extension has now been confirmed to ensure LNG2023 does not miss hearing from some key industry voices. Don’t miss the new call for abstracts deadline of October 24, 2022!

• Publication date : 2022/10/11
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

MOP 27: Strong debate in the run-up to COP21

MOP 27 delegates continued firm discussions and addressed the outcomes of OEWG 36

• Publication date : 2015/11/04

Invitation: IIR Seminar on the "Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries"

The IIR is delighted to invite you to the IIR Seminar on the "Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries” and an IIR Working Group meeting on The Cold Chain in Hot Countries.

• Publication date : 2016/09/21

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/06/09
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables