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IIR document

HFO-1234yf, a refrigerant of choice in mobile air conditioning.

• Author(s) : ACHAICHIA N.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R1234yf, Generality, Safety, Toxicity, Performance, Flammability, HFO, Mobile air conditioning
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Transient simulation of secondary loop mobile air conditioning systems.

• Author(s) : MEI Z., HWANG Y., KIM J.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, R1234yf, Transient state, R152a, Simulation, Indirect system, Evaporator, Refrigerant, Mobile air conditioning
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Economic and climate advantages of using secondary loop systems (SL-MACs) for HFO-1234yf in mobile air conditioning.

• Author(s) : ANDERSEN S. O., BAKER J. A., CHOWDHURY S. P., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R1234yf, Comparison, HFO, Carbon footprint, Cost, Mobile air conditioning, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Economic and climate advantages of using secondary loop systems (SL-MACs) for HFO-1234yf in mobile air conditioning.

• Author(s) : SHERMAN N.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R1234yf, Comparison, HFO, Carbon footprint, Cost, Mobile air conditioning, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Control of flash gas bypass MAC system with emphasis on start-ups and transients.

• Author(s) : LI Y., HRNJAK P.
• Publication date: 2017/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, Control (automatic), Performance, Flash gas, Expérimentation, Expansion valve, Mobile air conditioning, Compressor
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 84
• Formats : PDF

LCCP analysis of energy-saving effect of defaulting to recirculated cabin air in EV mobile air conditioning system.

• Author(s) : ZHANG Z., CHEN X., LIU C., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Calculation, Performance, LCCP, Energy saving, Default, Mobile air conditioning, Climate
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Experimental and numerical study of a mobile reversible air conditioning-heat pump system.

• Author(s) : FENG L., HRNJAK P.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Plant (equipment), Heat pump, Performance, Modelling, Mobile air conditioning, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Oil effects on distribution of refrigerant in MAC heat exchangers.

• Author(s) : LIU X., HRNJAK P.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Geometry, Lubricant, Expérimentation, Evaporator, Flow, Refrigerant, Mobile air conditioning, Heat exchanger
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

R744 mass transit mobile AC and HP system in bus application.

• Author(s) : SCHMIG A., PETERSEN M., KUJAK S., HOUDEK P., KOLDA M., GALANSKY M.
• Publication date: 2024/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2, R744, Low GWP, Refrigerant, Bus, Mobile air conditioning, COP, Heating, Cooling, Heat pump, Case study
• Source: 16^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2024). Proceedings. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, August 11-14 2024
• Formats : PDF

The study of secondary loop system with efficient and flammable refrigerants in MAC. 

• Author(s) : HWANG I., LEE H., CHOI G., KIM J., OH M.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electric vehicle, Flammability, Mobile air conditioning, R152a, R290, Secondary refrigerant, Test rig, Performance, R1234yf, Comparison, Indirect system
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Heat recovery design and test for the secondary loop heat pump MAC system.

• Author(s) : ZHANG Y., LIU C., LU D., GUO Z., WANG D., SHI J., CHEN J.
• Publication date: 2021/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Test room, Expérimentation, Heat pump, Mobile air conditioning, Heat recovery, R152a, HFC, Loop
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 123
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Study of a polymer ejector design and manufacturing approach for a mobile air conditioning.

• Author(s) : BERAN T., HUBEL J., MAERTENS R., REUTER S., GARTNER J., KÖHLER J., KOCH T.
• Publication date: 2021/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Polymer, Ejector system, Mobile air conditioning, R1234yf, Evaporator, Expérimentation, Test rig, Manufacture, Car
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 126
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigation of refrigerant pipe pressure drop and charge reduction of mobile air conditioning units with R1234yf.

• Author(s) : MEINERT R., SPEERFORCK A.
• Publication date: 2023/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerant charge, Pressure drop, Mobile air conditioning, R1234yf, Expérimentation, Simulation, Modelling, CFD
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 146
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Comparison of R744 and R744-based HFC/HFO blend in mass transit mobile AC and HP applications.

• Author(s) : PETERSEN M., KUJAK S., GALANSKY M., HOUDEK P., KOLDA M., NAYAK G.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Passenger transport, Mixture, R744, CO2, Bus, Prototype, Simulation, Mobile air conditioning, Testing, Thermodynamic property, HFC, HFO
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Mobile air conditioning. The life-cycle costs and greenhouse-gas benefits of switching to alternative refrigerants and improving system efficiencies.

• Author(s) : BLUMBERG K., ISENSTADT A., TADDONIO K. N., ANDERSEN S. O., SHERMAN N. J.
• Publication date: 2019/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Regulations, R134a, R1234yf, Safety, Low GWP, R744, R152a, Review, CO2 emission, Energy efficiency, Greenhouse effect, Life cycle, Leakage, Refrigerant, Mobile air conditioning, Indirect system
• Formats : PDF

Automotive air conditioning: which refrigerant for electric cars?

Different alternatives exist today to replace R134a in automotive air conditioning systems. Update on possible solutions for electric cars. 

• Publication date : 2022/09/28
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Mobile air-conditioning: impacts of MAC directive

Conflicts around the refrigerant R1234yf.

• Publication date : 2017/08/22
• Subjects: Regulation

UK: uncertified persons can buy F-gases for the servicing of MAC systems

The UK government has confirmed that “F-gas” refrigerants can be sold to unqualified persons servicing mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems.

• Publication date : 2015/12/07
• Subjects: Regulation

Global mobile air conditioning market

The demand for MAC systems is currently divided between Asia, the EU and the Americas, with the biggest markets being China (26.1%) and Europe (22.3%).

• Publication date : 2015/02/09

CO2-based car air conditioning more efficient?

The prototype of a car operating with a CO2-based air conditioning system is claimed to be operating more efficiently than current models running with R134a.

• Publication date : 2016/04/14

Latest developments on the mobile air conditioning front

According to the MAC Directive, by January 1, 2017, all new vehicles in the European Union (EU) are to be equipped with air-conditioning systems using refrigerant with GWP under 150. Most EU car manufacturers have opted for R1234yf.

• Publication date : 2014/11/17

Development of a prototype of Secondary loop Mobile Air Conditioning System

Tata Motor, an Indian car manufacturer, recently signed a partnership with the German automotive supplier Mahle to design and develop a Secondary Loop Mobile Air Conditioning System (SL-MAC).

• Publication date : 2017/09/13

New R134a alternatives in mobile air conditioning

Two new refrigerant blends are considered as an R134a alternative and "virtually non-flammable".

• Publication date : 2014/12/18

Mobile CO2 refrigeration system using a new energy recovery compressor

The US Army is investing USD 1 million to build and test a mobile refrigeration system demonstration prototype using a new energy recovery compressor that utilizes CO2 as a refrigerant.

• Publication date : 2016/08/08

Daimler starts testing CO2 mobile air-conditioning prototypes

Unlike most of the car manufacturers which opted for R1234yf, Daimler has started testing mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems using CO2.

• Publication date : 2014/02/10

MAC: EU orders Germany to stop using R134a in new models of vehicles

The European Commission ordered Germany to stop using R134a or to face court action and possible fines.

• Publication date : 2014/10/30

US EPA proposes to prohibit certain high-GWP HFCs in MAC and retail refrigeration

EPA proposed in July 2014 to change the status of certain HFCs with high GWP previously listed as acceptable under the EPA’s SNAP Program to unacceptable in several end-uses.

• Publication date : 2014/10/29
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

Energy efficiency comparison of air-conditioning systems in electric vehicles

A study compares the energy efficiency of conventional refrigeration systems with that of heat pumps in mobile air conditioning. R744, R134a and R1234yf are considered. Reversible heat pumps are found the most energy-efficient systems.

• Publication date : 2019/02/28

Heat pump systems for HVAC in electric vehicles

Heat pump systems offer an energy efficient option for HVAC in electric vehicles. Recent studies present innovative technologies to further improve the heating and cooling performance of heat pump systems as...

• Publication date : 2021/01/27
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Solar panels on car’s roof to power the air conditioning system

Audi recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the US solar cells specialist Alta. They plan to work together to integrate photovoltaic cells into the panoramic glass roofs of Audi models.

• Publication date : 2018/01/21

Member news: Koura offers an alternative refrigerant to R1234yf for mobile air conditioning 

 Koura offers a direct replacement solution for R1234yf in mobile air conditioning.  

• Publication date : 2023/12/20

New IIR Informatory Note on automotive air conditioning

The latest IIR Informatory Note presents recent technological trends in automotive air conditioning, in particular for electric cars, and outlines the challenges in terms of energy efficiency and CO2...

• Publication date : 2022/10/27

ATMOsphere MAC Summit 2024 x TU Berlin: natural refrigerants for mobile air conditioning and heat pumps

On 12 and 13 September 2024, the ATMOsphere MAC Summit 2024 was held in Berlin, co-organised with the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin).

• Publication date : 2024/10/03

New IIR Working Group “Electric vehicle thermal management systems”

This new working group, which focuses on a topical theme, is headed by Xianting Li, new President of Section E.

• Publication date : 2023/10/26

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 34

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 34th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-34) in Montréal, Canada (octobre 31 –...

• Publication date : 2022/12/12
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country, Environment

New IIR Informatory Note on Renewable Energy

The latest IIR Informatory Note stresses that renewable energy sources can be considered practically inexhaustible and are currently the only solution for an ecological transition to clean...

• Publication date : 2023/04/26
• Subjects: Environment

IIR wins ECREEE Award for solar cooling and heating efforts in Africa with SophiA

The ECOWAS Sustainable Energy Forum took place in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire on November 28-29. The IIR organised a SophiA workshop and was honoured with an ECREEE Award for its outstanding contribution to...

• Publication date : 2024/12/13

Small steps towards a giant leap! Parties to the Montreal Protocol continue discussions on HFCs

Last week saw another step towards a global agreement on the phase down of ozone depleting substances, the event started with a buzz around the new amendment proposals to the Montreal Protocol.

• Publication date : 2015/04/29
• Subjects: Regulation

The IIR worldwide (June 2019)

Focus on the latest IIR interventions around the world.

• Publication date : 2019/06/28

New EU funded project began on October 1st, 2021: “SophiA - Sustainable off-grid solutions for pharmacies and hospitals in Africa”

With a budget of 8 million euros over four years, SophiA will develop containerized solutions for hospitals using natural refrigerants, solar thermal and photovoltaics to enable more and more African people to...

• Publication date : 2021/10/21
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Technology, Developing country, Environment

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG