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IIR document

Environmental impact assessment of an air-to-water heat pump through the expanded total equivalent warming impact index based on experimental data.

• Author(s) : CEGLIA F., MARRASSO E., MARTONE C., PALLOTTA G., ROSELLI C., SASSO M.
• Publication date: 2023/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pump, TEWI, Air-water, Expérimentation, Energy consumption, Emission factor, CO2 emission, Electricity, Refrigerant charge
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 155
• Formats : PDF

Greenhouse gas accounting report. FIFA World Cup 2022^TM 

• Author(s) : South Pole (South Pole Carbon Asset Management Ltd.), SETTERWALL S., ASTAD
• Publication date: 2021/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2 emission, Hotel, Qatar, Air transport, Logistics, Sport, Construction, Electricity, District cooling, Air conditioning, Emission factor
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Analysis of carbon emission energy inventory from refrigerant production and recycling carbon compensation

• Author(s) : WANG H., WANG Y., MI H., ZANG J., WANG S.
• Publication date: 2022/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : China, HFC, R134a, TEWI, LCCP, CO2 emission, Refrigerant, Recycling, Recovery, Purification, Regeneration, GWP, Calculation, Emission factor, Survey
• Source: Applied Sciences - 12 - 1
• Formats : PDF

A review of bottom-up and top-down emission estimates of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in different parts of the world.

• Author(s) : FLERLAGE H., VELDERS G. J. M., BOER J. de
• Publication date: 2021/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : HFC, Modelling, World, HFO, Europe, USA, China, Atmosphere, Africa, Asia, CO2 emission, Emission factor, Australia, South america, India
• Source: Chemosphere - vol. 283
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Sustainable cooling as emission reduction factor.

• Author(s) : FUNDER-KRISTENSEN T., FELDMANN C. J.
• Publication date: 2018/04/06
• Languages : English
• Source: 5^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Beijing, Chine, 6-8 avril 2018
• Formats : PDF

Heat pump or CHP - which one is greener ?

• Author(s) : SADR F.
• Publication date: 2014/09
• Languages : English
• Source: REHVA Journal - vol. 51 - n. 5

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Comprehensive investigations on Life Cycle Climate Performance of unitary air-conditioners.

• Author(s) : WAN H., CAO T., HWANG Y., RADERMACHER R., CHIN S.
• Publication date: 2021/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : LCCP, R452B, R290, Case study, Energy consumption, Climate, Packaged unit, Air conditioner, Performance, CO2 emission, Low GWP, R410A, R466A , R32
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 129
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Total equivalent warming impact analysis of HFO blends and CO2 in refrigeration applications.

• Author(s) : ALLGOOD C., PANSULLA A.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Environmental effect evaluation of refrigerator cycle with life cycle climate performance.

• Author(s) : CHOI S., JUNG Y., KIM Y., LEE H., HWANG Y.
• Publication date: 2021/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Energy efficiency, CO2 emission, Environment, Household refrigerator, Thermodynamic cycle, Two-stage system, LCCP, Evaporator, Modelling, Performance
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 122
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Total equivalent warming impact analysis of HFO blends and CO2 in refrigeration applications.

• Author(s) : ALLGOOD C., PANSULLA A.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Low temperature thermal radiative properties of gold coated metals.

• Author(s) : FROLEC J., KRÁLÍK T., SRNKA A.
• Publication date: 2017/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Gold, Copper, Heat transfer, Titanium, Expérimentation, Emissivity
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 82
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Experimental results of a high-temperature heat pump prototype with R1336mzz(Z) for various production temperatures.

• Author(s) : MOTA BABILONI A., BARRAGÁN-CERVERA A., UDROIU C-M., GIMÉNEZ-PRADES P., NAVARRO-ESBRÍ J.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Modelling energy consumption in supermarkets to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions using EnergyPlus.

• Author(s) : EID E., FOSTER A., EVANS J., LEDUCQ D., NDOYE F. T., ALVAREZ G.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Supermarket, Modelling, Geometry, TEWI, Energy consumption, R744, CO2 emission, Case study, ENOUGH
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Theoretical study comparing energy consumption using low GWP blends for heat recovery in a supermarket refrigeration system.

• Author(s) : ROBERTS N. A., SAAB S., BAILEY J.
• Publication date: 2021/06
• Languages : English
• Source: 2^nd IIR Conference on HFO Refrigerants and Low GWP Blends
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

The Carbon Footprint of Fruit Storage: A Case Study of the Energy and Emission Intensity of Cold Stores.

• Author(s) : DU PLESSIS M. J., EEDEN J. van, GOEDHALS-GERBER L. L.
• Publication date: 2022/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2 emission, South africa, Cold store, Energy consumption, Seasonal performance, Electricity, Fresh produce, Fruit, Export, Case study
• Source: Sustainability - 14 - 13
• Formats : PDF

Recycling could significantly cut down emissions from HFC production

A team of researchers estimated that with 30% of recycled refrigerants in the annual output, CO2 emissions from the production of R134a could be reduced by about a...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28
• Subjects: Environment

Nestlé Japan’s Himeji factory’s natural gas cogeneration system

Nestlé Japan's Himeji factory's natural gas cogeneration system has won the 9th New Energy Award in recognition of its high degree of innovation. The Himeji plant is used to produce soluble coffee cryogenically and has high energy efficiency (92%,...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

UN Climate Change Conference in Bali

- The 13th United Nations Conference of the Parties on Climate Change, which was also the 3rd meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, took place in Bali, Indonesia, on December 3-14, 2007. More than 10 000 persons attended this event which...

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

Aerosol-free coooling tower

Climespace, a subsidiary of Suez and Gaz de France that has developed Paris' ice water cooling system, has successfully tested a new system of aero-cooling towers, which eliminates aerosols, a major factor in the spread of legionella bacteria in...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Assessment of the environmental impact of domestic refrigerators using LCCP

The environmental impact of domestic refrigerators over their lifetime has been quantified in different configurations (operating cycles, materials, insulation) in a recent IJR article. 

• Publication date : 2021/02/23

Newly revised efficiency standards for ACs in Brazil and India

Stringent minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for air-conditioning (AC) equipment contribute to cutting down the energy demand for ACs globally. Setting up and periodically revising energy efficiency...

• Publication date : 2020/10/22
• Subjects: Regulation, Developing country

Cutting CO2 emissions thanks to ice storage: a Chinese example

Ice storage could help in minimizing the CO2 emissions of the electricity sector in China

• Publication date : 2012/03/05

IIR member news: EPEE Gapometer

EPEE, benefactor member of the IIR, is currently developing a tool to support the implementation of the European Union F-Gas Regulation

• Publication date : 2017/09/26
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Regulation

Growing popularity of LNG as a fuel in maritime and land transport

Less than 1% of the world fleet is LNG-powered, but this figure is expected to grow at least fivefold over the coming years. Recent figures suggest that the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a fuel for...

• Publication date : 2021/01/26

South-East market dominated by low efficiency ACs

According to a recent report, 74% of room air conditioners (RAC) sold in six South-East Asian countries do not meet minimum threshold according to China’s MEPS. The authors modelled...

• Publication date : 2023/10/24
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country

Defining energy efficiency indicators for refrigerated shipping vessels

A working group from the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has proposed new energy efficiency indicators for ships. Shipping companies challenge their...

• Publication date : 2021/07/26
• Subjects: Environment

Overview of data center cooling technologies

The very huge growth in Internet traffic requires the continued development of new energy-efficient data center cooling technologies, based primarily on liquid...

• Publication date : 2022/12/15
• Subjects: Technology

Temperature control and sustainability, the challenges of 3D meat printing

Temperature control is a key factor that still limits the application of 3D printing in the meat industry, according to recent scientific publications. 

• Publication date : 2023/01/26
• Subjects: Technology

Heat pumps : the core technology for sustainable heating

A recent report by the IEA highlights that heat pumps are essential to reducing the use of natural gas for heating, while improving energy security, reducing emissions and ensuring...

• Publication date : 2023/01/26
• Subjects: Environment

European heat pump market by energy source

Air remains the dominant energy source. Nearly all air source heat pumps are now reversible, being able to provide heating and cooling.

• Publication date : 2016/11/26
• Subjects: Figures, economy

UN Climate Change Conference in Bali

- The 13th United Nations Conference of the Parties on Climate Change, which was also the 3rd meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, took place in Bali, Indonesia, on December 3-14, 2007. More than 10 000 persons attended this event which...

• Publication date : 2008/02/15

June 2004: fruitful meetings of the IIR’s statutory committees

Here are some highlights of the annual meetings of the IIR's statutory bodies (Management Committee, Science and Technology Council [STC] and Executive Committee): Strategic Plan of the IIR Four years after having adopted its Strategic...

• Publication date : 2004/07/27

IIR member news: EPEE sets up low emissions task force

The European Partnership for Energy and the Environment (EPEE) says it will set up a low emissions task force to support Europe’s F-gas regulation.

• Publication date : 2014/10/31
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment

ENOUGH – a new project that will identify how food industry can become net zero by 2050

The project will develop technologies, tools and methods to contribute to the EU’s farm to fork Strategy to achieve climate neutrality in the food industry.

• Publication date : 2021/10/29

New IIR Working Party on LCCP evaluation: first meeting planned in Delft on June 28, 2012, during the 10th IIR-G. Lorentzen Conference

The IIR is inviting commission, private, and corporate members of the IIR and more generally all experts whose knowledge of the subject will benefit the working party to join it.

• Publication date : 2012/04/27

IIR member news: Air Liquide

Air Liquide – benefactor member of the IIR – recently inaugurated Cryocap™, a unique industrial installation that enables the capture of CO2 released during hydrogen production via a cryogenic process.

• Publication date : 2016/06/01

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 28

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-28) in Kigali...

• Publication date : 2020/03/29
• Subjects: Regulation, Developing country, Environment

IIR Member news: Star Refrigeration installs ammonia chillers in an indoor skiing facility

After 90 years of existence, indoor skiing now uses modern and energy efficient technologies. Star Refrigeration participates in this evolution with its ammonia chillers.

• Publication date : 2018/12/27

Cooling data centres: A major economic challenge

Larger data centres can use a staggering amount of energy just to ensure the day-to-day running of electronic equipment. As a result, these data centres can produce a great deal of heat, which require large-scale cooling systems in order to...

• Publication date : 2017/03/29

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)