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IIR document
An experimental data-driven charge model for round-tube-plate-fin heat exchangers using low-GWP refrigerants.
Charge equation for low charge hydrocarbon based commercial refrigeration appliances.
Low charge packaged ammonia refrigeration systems.
Virtual refrigerant charge sensor for booster refrigeration systems.
Refrigerant charge distribution in brine-to-water heat pump using R290 as refrigerant.
Experimental and theoretical analysis of refrigerant charge extraction methods.
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Low charge detection method for supermarket refrigeration systems.
A generalized analytic method for predicting refrigerant charge amount in a variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system.
Development and evaluation of an automated virtual refrigerant charge sensor training kit.
New flammable refrigerant charge limit in commercial refrigeration.
Low charge ammonia packaged refrigeration systems: achieving ultra-reliable operation.
Recommended by the IIR
Increasing flammable refrigerant charge size without compromising safety.
Development and experimental evaluation of an automated charge testing methodology for domestic refrigerators.
Sistema de refrigeración de baja carga de amoniaco en expansión seca aplicado a un túnel de congelados.
Dry expansion refrigeration system with low ammonia charge applied to a freezing tunnel.
A universal refrigerant charge fault detection and diagnostics method based on pump down operation.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
283 results
IJR highlights: impacts of refrigerant charge on system performance
A team from Purdue University recently published* in the International Journal of Refrigeration a study showing the impact of charge level on capacity and efficiency for several heat-pump and air-conditioning units tested at various refrigerant...
Revising A3 refrigerants charge limits to promote wider application
A recent IJR paper examines the validity and form of charge limits for “highly flammable” A3 refrigerants, which constitute low-GWP alternatives to HFCs. Authors propose to eliminate upper charge limits for...
Flammable refrigerants: the IEC approves the charge increase in commercial refrigeration
The International Electrotechnical Commission rejected in April a proposal to increase the charge limit of flammable refrigerants in the commercial refrigeration. But a recount has just reversed the decision.
GL2024: Improving the performance of R744-refrigeration systems at high ambient temperatures
A paper presented during the 16th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants proposes improving the performance of R744 refrigeration systems in transcritical operation using low-charge R290...
UK: low-charge ammonia frozen food storage
The refrigerant charge on previous ammonia plant which was an estimated 5,000 kg has been reduced to just 188 kg
Air conditioning: towards a relaxation of the rules for the use of flammable refrigerants
While the European Commission is paving the way for the use of flammable refrigerants as an alternative for split systems, the current revision of the international standard IEC 60335-2-40 should allow higher...
ICCC2016 highlights: low charge ammonia systems for the cold chain
This summary refers to a paper presented during the IIR International Cold Chain Conference (ICCC2016) which took place in New Zealand. This paper can be downloaded from Fridoc database by using the direct link provided at the end of the article.
US: EPA raises hydrocarbon charge limit for home fridges
New US rules allowing greater charge sizes of hydrocarbon refrigerants in new domestic refrigerators and freezers entered into force on September 7, 2018.
Adoption of long-awaited standard for flammable refrigerants
International Electrotechnical Commission standard approves increased charge of flammable refrigerants in domestic installations.
GL2012 highlights: low-charge propane air-conditioning system using small section copper tubes
Propane air conditioner with smaller copper tubes and a smaller (and thus safer) refrigerant charge.
Refrigerant leaks in supermarkets
Reminder of some figures on refrigerant leaks in supermarkets. Focus on the situation in the United States.
Heat pump refrigerant leakage investigation by the UK DECC
The UK Department of Energy and Climate Change in collaboration with Eunomia Research and Consulting Ltd and London South Bank University recently published data on refrigerant leakage from heat pump systems.
European Union: new projections regarding CO2 emissions
A report published on behalf of the European Partnership for Energy and the Environment (EPEE) by French research organizations ARMINES/ERIE at the end of 2011 reveals that CO2 eq. emissions from refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump...
France: containment of refrigerating data plants
French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) recently published a study conducted by Cemafroid and IRSTEA on the containment of refrigerating plants.
ICR 2019: an overview of current refrigeration research (part I)
Presentation of the main scientific and technical topics covered in the papers of the 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration and summary of some of the 14 keynotes.
IIR news
173 results
1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction
1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Antony, France, on April 6-7, 2009. Contact helene.macchi@cemagref.fr to register and present a paper
IIR Working Party on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems: Join Us!
Suitable design of refrigerating systems has several benefits in terms of limitation of the environmental impact thanks to a reduction in the energy consumption and the limitation of refrigerant emissions. The direct greenhouse effect accounts for...
The proceedings CD-ROM of the 3rd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Valencia are on sale!
The proceedings CD-ROM comprising 8 plenary presentations, 13 papers, and 2 industrial PowerPoint presentations are on sale on the IIR's Web site (Publications/Bookshop section)
New IIR Informatory Note on Refrigerant Charge Reduction
Now available for IIR members! The 25th IIR Informatory Note, the latest in the series on Refrigeration Technologies.
IIR member news: Star Refrigeration
The UK company Star Refrigeration has announced the launch of a new subsidiary, Azane Inc., to manufacture and supply their “low-charge ammonia” Azane technology in the US.
Conference update: Stockholm
The 2nd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 16-17, 2010. The main themes are: design of low-refrigerant charge systems thermodynamics in compact heat exchangers; design...
IIR Conference: Auckland
Innovative Equipment and Systems for Comfort and Food Preservation , an IIR conference, will be held in Auckland, New Zealand, on February 16-18, 2006. Deadlines: June 1, 2005 for abstracts and September 16, 2005 for papers. December 9, 2005:...
The 2nd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 16-17, 2010. Key themes include: design of low-refrigerant charge systems; thermodynamics in compact heat exchangers; design...
News from IIR members: MYCOM Mayekawa
The Japanese compressor manufacturer MYCOM Mayekawa will be introducing its high-efficiency NH3/CO2 cooling system NewTon3000 within the context of the Garden City Ammonia Program (GCAP). GCAP is actively promoting CO2 emissions reduction and...
Conference update: Ohrid
The 3rd IIR event in a series, Ammonia Refrigeration Technology was held on May 7-9, 2009, in Ohrid, Macedonia. With 95 participants from 24 countries and 32 papers presented, the event was very successful. A key focus of this series of...
IIR Working Parties
The IIR has 10 commissions: Cryophysics, cryoegineering (A1); Liquefaction and separation of gases (A2); Thermodynamics and transfer processes(B1); Refrigerating equipment (B2); Cryobiology, cryomedicine (C1); Food science and engineering (C2);...
Conference update: Sydney
The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia, on April 12-14, 2010. The call for papers and first announcement are now available:
Editorial by Didier Coulomb
The 23rd International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR2011) will take place in Prague on August 21-26, 2011. This will be the key refrigeration event in 2011 and will deal with all facets of refrigeration and refrigeration technology. Around...
International events: Antony
The 1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems was held in Antony, France, on April 6-7, 2009. Besides charge reduction, key topics covered included enhancement of heat and mass transfer, pressure and oil issues and...
IIR events: new IIR working party
A proposal for a new IIR working party will be discussed during the meeting of the Science and Technology Council in August 2007 in Beijing. This working party is to deal with reduction in the refrigerant charge of refrigeration plants through...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
8 results
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Events
1 result
IIR event
9th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain
April 12, 2026 - April 14, 2026
Istanbul, Türkiye (Republic)
Submit your abstract now! The 9th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC 2026)...
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