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IIR document

An experimental data-driven charge model for round-tube-plate-fin heat exchangers using low-GWP refrigerants.

• Author(s) : LEE A. J., BACH C. K., BRADSHAW C. R.
• Publication date: 2024/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pump, Expérimentation, Refrigerant charge, Model, Modelling, Low GWP, Heat exchanger, Artificial neural network
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 158
• Formats : PDF

Charge equation for low charge hydrocarbon based commercial refrigeration appliances.

• Author(s) : BEEK M. van, GORP T. van, et al.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R600a, Isobutane, Commercial application, R290, Propane, Modelling, Low charge, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Low charge packaged ammonia refrigeration systems.

• Author(s) : LAMB R.
• Publication date: 2017/05/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Safety, Design, R717, Low charge, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 7^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, May 11-13, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Refrigerant charge reduction in refrigerating systems, 25th Informatory Note on refrigeration technologies.

• Author(s) : IIF-IIR, CORBERÁN J. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/03
• Languages : English, French
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Design, Reduction, Optimization, Environment, Refrigerant, Refrigerant charge
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Refrigerant charge distribution in brine-to-water heat pump using R290 as refrigerant.

• Author(s) : SANCHEZ MORENO GINER L., METHLER T., BARCELÓ RUESCAS F., GONZÁLVEZ-MACIÁ J.
• Publication date: 2023/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R290, Propane, Low charge, Refrigerant charge, Brine, Heat pump, Seasonal performance, COP, Prototype, Natural refrigerant
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 145
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Virtual refrigerant charge sensor for booster refrigeration systems.

• Author(s) : ANDREASEN G., IZADI-ZAMANABADI R., STOUSTRUP J.
• Publication date: 2021/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerant charge, Sensor, Supermarket, Leakage, Expérimentation, Equation of state, Modelling, CO2, R744
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 122
• Formats : PDF

Experimental and theoretical analysis of refrigerant charge extraction methods.

• Author(s) : SÁNCHEZ-MORENO-GINER L., BARCELÓ RUESCAS F., LÓPEZ-NAVARRO A., GONZÁLVEZ-MACIÁ J.
• Publication date: 2021/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerant, Heat pump, HFC, Refrigerant charge, Modelling
• Source: 2021 Purdue Conferences. 18^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Riduzione della carica di refrigerante nei sistemi frigoriferi.

Refrigerant charge reduction in refrigerating systems. 25th Informatory Note on refrigerating technologies.

• Author(s) : IIF-IIR, CORBERÁN J. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2014
• Languages : Italian
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Design, Reduction, Optimization, Environment, Refrigerant, Refrigerant charge
• Source: Industria & Formazione - vol. 38 - n. 379
• Formats : PDF

Reducción de la carga refrigerante en los sistemas de refrigeración.

Refrigerant charge reduction in refrigerating systems. 25th Informatory Note on refrigerating technologies.

• Author(s) : IIF-IIR, CORBERÁN J. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/06
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Design, Reduction, Optimization, Environment, Refrigerant, Refrigerant charge
• Source: Frío Calor Aire acondicionado - vol. 42 - n. 470
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Low charge detection method for supermarket refrigeration systems.

• Author(s) : GREEN T., IZADI-ZAMANABADI R., STUBBE E. L. H.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low charge, Supermarket, Detection, Leakage, Maintenance, Case study, Denmark, France, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A generalized analytic method for predicting refrigerant charge amount in a variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system.

• Author(s) : HONG S. B., YOO J. W., KIM M. S.
• Publication date: 2017/04/23
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Prediction, Modelling, Mixture, Flow, Leakage, Refrigerant, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 5^th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants.
• Formats : PDF

Development and evaluation of an automated virtual refrigerant charge sensor training kit.

• Author(s) : PATIL A, HJORTLAND A., BRAUN J. E., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Psychrometry, Sensor, Accuracy, Modelling, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

New flammable refrigerant charge limit in commercial refrigeration.

• Author(s) : ZGLICZYNSKI M.
• Publication date: 2021/01/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerant charge, Standard, Standardization, Hydrocarbon, Safety, Commercial refrigerator, Low GWP, Flammability
• Source: 10^th IIR Conference on Compressors and Refrigerants.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Low charge ammonia packaged refrigeration systems: achieving ultra-reliable operation.

• Author(s) : HEGG T., LIEBENDORFER K., HAMILTON D., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Generality, R717, Ammonia, Performance, Refrigerating plant, Low charge, Testing, Compressor
• Source: 8^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, Avril 11-13, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Increasing flammable refrigerant charge size without compromising safety.

• Author(s) : MELJAC L., FORSÉN M., COLBOURNE D.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Safety, R290, Refrigerant charge, Standardization, Heat pump, Prototype, Expérimentation
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

IJR highlights: impacts of refrigerant charge on system performance

A team from Purdue University recently published* in the International Journal of Refrigeration a study showing the impact of charge level on capacity and efficiency for several heat-pump and air-conditioning units tested at various refrigerant...

• Publication date : 2013/03/28

Revising A3 refrigerants charge limits to promote wider application

A recent IJR paper examines the validity and form of charge limits for “highly flammable” A3 refrigerants, which constitute low-GWP alternatives to HFCs. Authors propose to eliminate upper charge limits for...

• Publication date : 2020/06/30
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Flammable refrigerants: the IEC approves the charge increase in commercial refrigeration

The International Electrotechnical Commission rejected in April a proposal to increase the charge limit of flammable refrigerants in the commercial refrigeration. But a recount has just reversed the decision.

• Publication date : 2019/05/29

UK: low-charge ammonia frozen food storage

The refrigerant charge on previous ammonia plant which was an estimated 5,000 kg has been reduced to just 188 kg

• Publication date : 2015/06/30

Air conditioning: towards a relaxation of the rules for the use of flammable refrigerants

While the European Commission is paving the way for the use of flammable refrigerants as an alternative for split systems, the current revision of the international standard IEC 60335-2-40 should allow higher...

• Publication date : 2020/10/22
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

ICCC2016 highlights: low charge ammonia systems for the cold chain

This summary refers to a paper presented during the IIR International Cold Chain Conference (ICCC2016) which took place in New Zealand. This paper can be downloaded from Fridoc database by using the direct link provided at the end of the article.

• Publication date : 2016/08/24

US: EPA raises hydrocarbon charge limit for home fridges

New US rules allowing greater charge sizes of hydrocarbon refrigerants in new domestic refrigerators and freezers entered into force on September 7, 2018.

• Publication date : 2018/09/20
• Subjects: Regulation

Adoption of long-awaited standard for flammable refrigerants

International Electrotechnical Commission standard approves increased charge of flammable refrigerants in domestic installations.

• Publication date : 2022/05/27
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

GL2012 highlights: low-charge propane air-conditioning system using small section copper tubes

Propane air conditioner with smaller copper tubes and a smaller (and thus safer) refrigerant charge.

• Publication date : 2012/09/28

Refrigerant leaks in supermarkets

Reminder of some figures on refrigerant leaks in supermarkets. Focus on the situation in the United States. 

• Publication date : 2021/03/29

Heat pump refrigerant leakage investigation by the UK DECC

The UK Department of Energy and Climate Change in collaboration with Eunomia Research and Consulting Ltd and London South Bank University recently published data on refrigerant leakage from heat pump systems.

• Publication date : 2014/08/27

European Union: new projections regarding CO2 emissions

A  report published on behalf of the European Partnership for Energy and the Environment (EPEE) by French research organizations ARMINES/ERIE at the end of 2011 reveals that CO2 eq. emissions from refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump...

• Publication date : 2012/04/17

France: containment of refrigerating data plants

French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) recently published a study conducted by Cemafroid and IRSTEA on the containment of refrigerating plants.

• Publication date : 2016/03/15
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

ICR 2019: an overview of current refrigeration research (part I)

Presentation of the main scientific and technical topics covered in the papers of the 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration and summary of some of the 14 keynotes.

• Publication date : 2019/09/30
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Propane air conditioners: improving leakage safety

The latest research and developments in leakage safety of R290 air conditioners are presented in several articles recently published in the IJR. 

• Publication date : 2023/02/20
• Subjects: Technology, HFCs alternatives

1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction

1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Antony, France, on April 6-7, 2009. Contact helene.macchi@cemagref.fr to register and present a paper

• Publication date : 2009/02/13

IIR Working Party on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems: Join Us!

Suitable design of refrigerating systems has several benefits in terms of limitation of the environmental impact thanks to a reduction in the energy consumption and the limitation of refrigerant emissions. The direct greenhouse effect accounts for...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

The proceedings CD-ROM of the 3rd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Valencia are on sale!

The proceedings CD-ROM comprising 8 plenary presentations, 13 papers, and 2 industrial PowerPoint presentations are on sale on the IIR's Web site (Publications/Bookshop section)

• Publication date : 2013/02/21

New IIR Informatory Note on Refrigerant Charge Reduction

Now available for IIR members! The 25th IIR Informatory Note, the latest in the series on Refrigeration Technologies.

• Publication date : 2014/05/28

IIR member news: Star Refrigeration

The UK company Star Refrigeration has announced the launch of a new subsidiary, Azane Inc., to manufacture and supply their “low-charge ammonia” Azane technology in the US.

• Publication date : 2014/05/25

Conference update: Stockholm

The 2nd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 16-17, 2010. The main themes are: design of low-refrigerant charge systems thermodynamics in compact heat exchangers; design...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

IIR Conference: Auckland

Innovative Equipment and Systems for Comfort and Food Preservation , an IIR conference, will be held in Auckland, New Zealand, on February 16-18, 2006. Deadlines: June 1, 2005 for abstracts and September 16, 2005 for papers. December 9, 2005:...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Conference update: Stockholm

The 2nd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 16-17, 2010. Key themes include: design of low-refrigerant charge systems; thermodynamics in compact heat exchangers; design...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

News from IIR members: MYCOM Mayekawa

The Japanese compressor manufacturer MYCOM Mayekawa will be introducing its high-efficiency NH3/CO2 cooling system NewTon3000 within the context of the Garden City Ammonia Program (GCAP). GCAP is actively promoting CO2 emissions reduction and...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Conference update: Ohrid

The 3rd IIR event in a series, Ammonia Refrigeration Technology was held on May 7-9, 2009, in Ohrid, Macedonia. With 95 participants from 24 countries and 32 papers presented, the event was very successful. A key focus of this series of...

• Publication date : 2009/05/27

IIR Working Parties

The IIR has 10 commissions: Cryophysics, cryoegineering (A1); Liquefaction and separation of gases (A2); Thermodynamics and transfer processes(B1); Refrigerating equipment (B2); Cryobiology, cryomedicine (C1); Food science and engineering (C2);...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Conference update: Sydney

The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia, on April 12-14, 2010. The call for papers and first announcement are now available:

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

The 23rd International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR2011) will take place in Prague on August 21-26, 2011. This will be the key refrigeration event in 2011 and will deal with all facets of refrigeration and refrigeration technology. Around...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

International events: Antony

The 1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems was held in Antony, France, on April 6-7, 2009. Besides charge reduction, key topics covered included enhancement of heat and mass transfer, pressure and oil issues and...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

IIR events: new IIR working party

A proposal for a new IIR working party will be discussed during the meeting of the Science and Technology Council in August 2007 in Beijing. This working party is to deal with reduction in the refrigerant charge of refrigeration plants through...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG