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IIR document

Effects of magnetocaloric wire on increase in magnetic refrigeration cycle.

• Author(s) : UENO K., KONDO M., TAKEUCHI K., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/09/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Magnetocaloric material, Magnetocaloric cooling, Regenerator, Gadolinium, Wire, Expérimentation
• Source: 7^th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VII). Proceedings: Turin, Italy, September 11-14, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Properties of gadolimium wire for magnetic refrigeration.

• Author(s) : NOMURA R., KIZAKI T., UENO K., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/09/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Mechanical property, Measurement, Magnetocaloric material, Magnetocaloric cooling, Regenerator, Magnetic property, Gadolinium, Wire
• Source: 7^th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VII). Proceedings: Turin, Italy, September 11-14, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Electronic transport properties of NBTI in copper matrix superconducting wires.

• Author(s) : NICULESCU A. E., PICIOREA I., RIZOIU A., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/06/22
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Pinning, Electronics, Measurement, Temperature, Electrical resistance, Superconducting wire, Current density
• Source: 1^st IIR International Conference of Cryogenics and Refrigeration Technology (ICCRT 2016). Proceedings: Bucharest, Romania, June 22-25, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Setting up a transient hot wire device to determine the thermal conductivity of fluids.

• Author(s) : CALVINO U., PRADO J. I., LUGO L.
• Publication date: 2020/11/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal conductivity, Fluid, Wire, Transient state, Review
• Source: X Congreso Ibérico y VIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2020.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Modelling of heat transfer processes in cooling cell with Ni-Co-Mn-In magnetic wires.

• Author(s) : BUCHELNIKOV V., PAVLUKHINA O., SOKOLOVSKIY V., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Manganese, Magnetocaloric cooling, Heat transfer, Alloy, Simulation, Indium, Nickel, Wire, Cobalt
• Source: 8^th International Conference on Caloric Cooling (Thermag VIII). Proceedings: Darmstadt, Germany, September 16-20, 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A new heat transfer correlation for natural draft wire-on-tube condensers for a broad geometry span.

• Author(s) : ESPINDOLA R. S., BOENG J., KNABBEN F. T., HERMES C. J. L.
• Publication date: 2020/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat transfer, Condenser, Coil, Wire, Household application, Heat transfer coefficient, Convection, Expérimentation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 114
• Formats : PDF

A three-dimensional mathematical model to predict air-cooling flow and temperature distribution of wire loops in the Stelmor air-cooling system.

• Author(s) : HONG L., WANG B., FENG S., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat transfer, Temperature, Cooling, Simulation, Prediction, Wire, Flow, Convection, Distribution
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 116

IIR document

Enhanced cyclic stability of elastocaloric effect in oligocrystalline Cu–Al–Mn microwires via cold-drawing.

• Author(s) : YUAN B., QIAN M., ZHANG X., IMRAN M., GENG L.
• Publication date: 2020/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Elastocaloric cooling, Performance, Alloy, Wire, Stability, Cycle, Expérimentation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 114
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigation of single wire elastocaloric air cooling potential.

• Author(s) : MICHAELIS N., WELSCH F., KIRSCH S. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09/16
• Languages : English
• Source: 8^th International Conference on Caloric Cooling (Thermag VIII). Proceedings: Darmstadt, Germany, September 16-20, 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermal conductivity measurement of low GWP refrigerants with hot-wire method.

• Author(s) : ISHIDA H., MORI S., KARIYA K., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Unsteady evaporation of water from wire mesh structures at sub-atmospheric pressures.

• Author(s) : VOLMER R., SCHNABEL L.
• Publication date: 2021/09/01
• Languages : English
• Source: 6^th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Studies on coiled wire finned heat exchangers operating with wide boiling mixtures.

• Author(s) : HARISH KRUTHIVENTI S. S., VENKATARATHNAM G.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermal conductivity measurement of HFO/HFC mixture refrigerant by transient hot-wire method.

• Author(s) : MIZUNO S., TUHIN A. R., KARIYA K., MIYARA A.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Theoretical modeling of heat transfer processes in Ni-Co-Mn-In magnetic wires.

• Author(s) : PAVLUKHINA O., SOKOLOVSKIY V., BUCHELNIKOV V.
• Publication date: 2016/09/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 7^th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VII). Proceedings: Turin, Italy, September 11-14, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Tower characteristics correlation and parameter retrieval in wet-cooling tower with expanded wire mesh packing.

• Author(s) : SINGLA R. K., SINGH K., DAS R.
• Publication date: 2016/03/05
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 96

Legionnaires’ disease

Two outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease are in the news: - Thirteen deaths have occurred among 85 patients who contracted Legionnaires' disease in the northern French prefecture of Pas-de-Calais. The main cause of the outbreak is a cooling tower at...

• Publication date : 2004/04/28

Directories: AIRAH

AIRAH (Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air conditioning and Heating) has an on-line Industry Directory: search it to find companies, product and service suppliers and companies supplying particular brands.

• Publication date : 2004/04/28

EU Directive 2012/27 on energy efficiency.

On October 25, 2012, the European Union adopted the Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency. This Directive establishes a common framework of measures for the promotion of energy efficiency within the EU.

• Publication date : 2013/04/05
• Subjects: Regulation

MAC Directive: EC issues proceedings against Germany

The European Commission has issued an infringement notice against Germany for failing to enforce the MAC Directive.

• Publication date : 2014/02/13

New GCCA 2015-2016 Global Cold Chain Directory

The Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA) has published the 2015-2016 Global Cold Chain Directory. The annual printed publication is complemented by a free online directory and mobile app.

• Publication date : 2015/05/18

Directories: European Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Yearbook

This directory enables refrigeration and air-conditioning practitioners to contact manufacturers, contractors, logistics specialists, trade organizations and training centres. agpubli@wanadoo.fr

• Publication date : 2004/04/28

Directories: The European and Logistics Association (ECSLA)

The European and Logistics Association (ECSLA) has published its 2003/2004 Atlas. It is a comprehensive directory of European cold-storage enterprises and includes the addresses, contact names and descriptions of over 800 public cold stores...

• Publication date : 2004/04/28

New GCCA 2013-2014 Global Cold Chain Directory

This comprehensive directory provides readers with a convenient way to find third-party logistics providers, contractors and suppliers in cold storage and distribution solutions.

• Publication date : 2013/11/19

Germany: Update of the refrigeration and air conditioning directive

The updated directive will extend the scope related to the subsidising of refrigeration and air conditioning systems based on “non-halogenated and low-GWP refrigerants”.

• Publication date : 2017/08/17
• Subjects: Regulation

New edition of the French MAC (SNEFCCA) directory

The 2004 directory of the French Federation of Refrigeration, Professional Kitchen Equipment and Air-Conditioning Companies (SNEFCCA) has been published. This new edition presents the members of the federation and gives the complete details of...

• Publication date : 2004/11/19

Mobile air-conditioning: impacts of MAC directive

Conflicts around the refrigerant R1234yf.

• Publication date : 2017/08/22
• Subjects: Regulation

Reducing the economic costs of a direct-use geothermal heating system

Italian researchers have modelled a polymer heat exchanger to reduce the cost of a direct-use geothermal heating system for a single building in the active volcano district of the...

• Publication date : 2022/02/21
• Subjects: Technology

China: a direct leap from HCFCs to natural refrigerants?

Released for public consultation in June 2015 by China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection, the First Catalogue of Recommended Substitutes for HCFCs lists 12 substitutes for HCFC refrigerants, foaming agents and detergents, ten of which are...

• Publication date : 2015/11/11

Direct CO2 emissions generated by the refrigeration sector in Chile

As part of its national inventory submitted to the UNFCCC, Chile reported greenhouse gas emission values for the refrigeration and air conditioning sector.

• Publication date : 2021/08/16
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Developing country, Environment

A low charge direct expansion evaporator system configured to use less ammonia

A US-based meat processor operates a cold storage facility that uses just 1 kg approx ammonia per kW.

• Publication date : 2018/05/17

Hot off the press: Handbook on Indirect Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems

Be the first to read the newly published IIR Handbook on Indirect Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems.

• Publication date : 2015/08/05

The IIR is seeking a Deputy Director

The IIR is seeking for its head office in Paris a Deputy Director, with a scientific and technical background. The candidate should be a very good English and French speaker.

• Publication date : 2013/03/05

IIR Conferences: Statement by the Director General

The Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration, Yosr Allouche, invites participants from around the world to join the upcoming IIR conferences, which are open to all. 

• Publication date : 2024/11/27

Statement from IIR Director General at MOP37

Statement delivered by Dr. Yosr Allouche, IIR Director General, on November 7, 2025 at MOP37, in Nairobi, Kenya.

• Publication date : 2025/11/07
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment, General information

Statement from IIR Director General at COP29

Watch the IIR’s official statement delivered by IIR Director General Yosr Allouche at COP29, held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from 11-22 November, 2024. Transcript is available...

• Publication date : 2024/12/16
• Subjects: Regulation

Consult our two professional refrigeration directories: Expertise and Laboratories

Thanks to its international network, the IIR has developed two professional directories covering all fields of refrigeration; the IIR Expertise Directory and the Laboratory Directory.

• Publication date : 2023/01/19
• Subjects: General information

Statement from IIR Director General at COP13/MOP36

On the final day of COP13/MOP36, held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 28 October to 1 November 2024, IIR Director General Yosr Allouche delivered IIR’s official statement to the Plenary.

• Publication date : 2024/11/27
• Subjects: Regulation

Statement by Yosr Allouche, new Director General of the IIR

The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is pleased to announce the official nomination of Yosr Allouche as its new Director General. In this statement, she outlines her vision and aspirations for the...

• Publication date : 2024/10/17

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 27

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 27th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 27) in Charm...

• Publication date : 2022/12/12
• Subjects: Environment, Developing country, Technology

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 34

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 34th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-34) in Montréal, Canada (octobre 31 –...

• Publication date : 2022/12/12
• Subjects: Environment, Developing country, Technology

IIR Working Party Mitigation of Direct Emissions of GHGs

The second meeting of the IIR Working Party Mitigation of Direct Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in Refrigeration (WP_MRE) will take place at the International Institute of Refrigeration, 177, Boulevard Malesherbes, 75017 Paris, on February 9, 2011,...

• Publication date : 2010/12/23

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 21

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris (November...

• Publication date : 2020/03/29
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 31

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 31st Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-31) in Rome (November 4-8,...

• Publication date : 2020/04/03
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment, Developing country

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 26

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 26th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 26) in...

• Publication date : 2021/11/15
• Subjects: Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 35

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 35th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-35) in Nairobi, Kenya (octobre 23 –...

• Publication date : 2023/11/07

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : HFCs

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

André Lebon

André Lebon (1859 – 1938). Membre fondateur de l’Association Internationale du Froid puis de l’Institut International du Froid

• Last update : 2025/06/17
• Langues : French
• Themes : History of refrigeration

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Ice creams

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, Hydrocarbons

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO