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Maximización del COP de un sistema de compresión de vapor con CO2 al incluir subenfriamiento termoeléctrico optimizado.

Maximising the COP of a CO2 steam compression system through optimised thermoelectric subcooling.

• Author(s) : ARANGUREN P., CASI A., ARAIZ M., ERRO ITURRALDE I., ALEGRIA P., SÁNCHEZ D., CABELLO R., ASTRAIN D.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : CO2, R744, Compression system, Subcooling, COP
• Source: XI Congreso Ibérico y IX Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

COP tests of a rotation heat pump.

• Author(s) : LÄNGAUER A., ADLER B. B., RAKUSCH C., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Industrial application, Design, Temperature, Rotation, Heat pump, High temperature, Testing, Energy efficiency, COP
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Heat pump COP, part 2: generalized COP estimation of heat pump processes.

• Author(s) : JENSEN J. K., OMMEN T., REINHOLDT L., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, Industrial application, Heat pump, Modelling, COP, Heat exchanger, Compressor
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Heat pump COP, part 1: generalized method for screening of system integration potentials.

• Author(s) : REINHOLDT L., KRISTOFERSSON J., ZÜHLSDORF B., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Industrial application, Heat pump, Modelling, Energy efficiency, COP
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Generalized COP estimation of heat pump processes for operation off the design point of equipment.

• Author(s) : OMMEN T., JENSEN J., MEESENBURG W., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, Comparison, Design, R717, Ammonia, Heat pump, Modelling, Thermodynamic cycle, COP
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Experimental COP enhancement of a CO2 transcritical refrigerating plant including thermoelectric subcooling.

• Author(s) : ARANGUREN P., SÁNCHEZ D., CASI A., ARAIZ M., ASTRAIN D., CABELLO R.
• Publication date: 2020/11/11
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : CO2, R744, Supermarket, Thermoelectric cooling, COP, Compression system, Expérimentation, Subcooling, Transcritical cycle
• Source: X Congreso Ibérico y VIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2020.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Influence of operating parameters on the COP of an R600 high-temperature heat pump.

• Author(s) : VERDNIK M., RIEBERER R.
• Publication date: 2022/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R600, Butane, Heat pump, High temperature, COP, Simulation, Heat recovery
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 140
• Formats : PDF

Comparing COP optimization with maximizing the coefficient of system performance for refrigeration systems in supermarkets.

• Author(s) : BRAUN M. R., BECK S. B. M., ALTAN H.
• Publication date: 2014/07/14
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Energy consumption, Comparison, R404A, Supermarket, Performance, Optimization, COP, Refrigerant, CO2
• Source: 2014 Purdue Conferences. 15th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of pressure pulsation on COP in two-stage-compression vapor-injection cycle.

• Author(s) : SEKIYA S., KUBOTA A., NONAKA M., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Pulsation, Pipe, Correlation, Vapour, Resonance, Two-stage system, Compression system, Injection, Expérimentation, COP
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Improvement of capacity and COP through use of two-stage compressor in transcritical R744 systems.

• Author(s) : ELBEL S., HRNJAK P.
• Publication date: 2020/07/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Two-stage system, Compressor, CO2, R744, Transcritical cycle, COP, Optimization, Heat transfer, Simulation
• Source: IIR Rankine Conference 2020.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Quantification and comparison of COP improvement approaches for large-scale ammonia heat pump systems.

• Author(s) : HARTMUND JORGENSEN P., OMMEN T., ELMEGAARD B.
• Publication date: 2021/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : COP, Ammonia, District heating, Large scale, Heat pump, Reciprocating compressor, Denmark, Optimization, Case study
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 129
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

New environment friendly working pairs of dimethyl ether and ionic liquids for absorption refrigeration with high COP.

• Author(s) : LIU X., LI J., WANG S., HE M.
• Publication date: 2022/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Working fluid, Absorption system, COP, Ionic liquid, Expérimentation, Modelling, Thermodynamic property, DME
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 134
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Approaching optimum COP by refrigerant charge management in transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater.

• Author(s) : HE Y. J., LIANG X. Y., CHENG J. H., SHAO L. L., ZHANG C. L.
• Publication date: 2020/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pump, Water heater, CO2, Transcritical cycle, Heat exchanger, COP, Refrigerant charge, Modelling, Simulation, Optimization, R744
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 118
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental analysis of the influence of operating conditions on the performance (COP and ejector efficiency) of R744 heat pump with one-phase ejector.

• Author(s) : XIONG J., EIKEVIK T. M., WANG R., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/08/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R744, Heat pump, Performance, Expérimentation, Ejector, COP, Refrigerant, CO2
• Source: 11^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2014). Proceedings. Hangzhou, China, August 31-September 2, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Optimal solar COP prediction of a solar-assisted adsorption refrigeration system working with activated carbon/methanol as working pairs using direct and inverse artificial neural network.

• Author(s) : LAIDI M., HANINI S.
• Publication date: 2013/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Methanol, Artificial neural network, Activated carbon, Adsorption system, Model, Solar energy, COP
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 36 - n. 1
• Formats : PDF

Focus on COP 26

The Conference of the Parties (COP) 26 was held in Glasgow (UK) from 31 October to 13 November 2021. Its results, while not seeming spectacular, nevertheless reflect important developments that should be noted,...

• Publication date : 2021/11/29
• Subjects: Environment

COP 27 at Sharm Al Sheikh

The IIR at the COP 27: side event was organised by the IIR with the European Heat Pump Association (EHPA). Didier Coulomb gave a statement at the high-level session.

• Publication date : 2022/12/12
• Subjects: Environment

The IIR will be present at COP-10

The Tenth Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP-10) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is to be held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on December 6-17, 2004. For this event, the IIR prepared, thanks to networking with...

• Publication date : 2004/11/10

News from Copenhagen

The COP-15 Conference on Climate Change is finished. In spite of numerous lengthy discussions, no real progress has been made towards future agreements. Far more Heads of States were present and delivering statements than at past United Nations...

• Publication date : 2009/12/22

Cooling the ATST solar telescope

The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST), currently under construction on the Pacific island of Maui, will be the world’s largest solar telescope, able to provide the sharpest views ever taken of the solar surface

• Publication date : 2014/09/19

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope

Cryogenic testing has now been completed for the final 6 primary mirror segments and a secondary mirror that will fly on NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope.

• Publication date : 2012/08/03

Cryogenic testing on the successor of Hubble Telescope

NASA engineers completed final cryogenic testing on James Webb Space Telescope a few months ago.

• Publication date : 2018/05/23

Cryo-electron microscopy wins the 2017 chemistry Nobel Prize

On October 2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Joachim Frank (USA) and Richard Henderson (UK) were awarded the chemistry Nobel Prize for cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM).

• Publication date : 2017/12/18

Visualization of artificial proteins with cryo-electron microscopy

A team of researchers managed to visualize the atomic structure of peptoids.

• Publication date : 2019/12/30

Carbon dioxide snow to clean spatial telescope

An interesting method to keep the Webb Space Telescope mirror, seven times larger than Hubble, spotless.

• Publication date : 2015/11/02

Cryogenic applications: Cooling largest outer-space telescope

In his presentation on cryogenics applications at the IIR-AFF centenary conference in Paris (see Focus), Philippe Lebrun, President of the IIR's Section A, mentioned cryogenic detectors of cosmic signals and cited Herschel probe as an example. The...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

First antimicrobial copper air-handling unit lauched in Europe

The first antimicrobial copper coil air-handling unit was produced last autumn in Europe

• Publication date : 2012/03/08

District cooling: Copenhagen, home of the largest absorption chiller cooling

A recent report by the City of Copenhagen, home of the largest absorption chiller cooling, network gives a glimpse of its district cooling system which uses seawater and surplus heat from the district heating network (through absorption cooling...

• Publication date : 2013/03/18

Road to COP28. Energy efficiency and recovery of refrigerants

“Sustainability must refer to energy efficiency and circularity”, says Dr Laura Fedele, IIR expert. 

• Publication date : 2023/04/26
• Subjects: Technology, General information

GL2012 highlights: low-charge propane air-conditioning system using small section copper tubes

Propane air conditioner with smaller copper tubes and a smaller (and thus safer) refrigerant charge.

• Publication date : 2012/09/28

COP-19 Warsaw, Poland

Slow progress in the climate negotiations

• Publication date : 2013/11/22
• Subjects: General information, Environment

Participation of the IIR at COP-10

On December 6-18, 2004, over 6100 participants from 169 countries attended the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP-10) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)  held at the Rural Exhibition Center in Buenos Aires ,...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

The IIR at COP 26 in Glasgow

As an intergovernmental organisation (IGO), the IIR is systematically invited to the various Conferences of the Parties on climate change and has the opportunity to make a statement in plenary session in front...

• Publication date : 2021/11/29
• Subjects: Environment

The IIR at COP-11/MOP-1 in Montreal

The IIR, as an intergovernmental organization, participated in this "historic" event which gathered 10 000 people for the largest United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ever held. The conference held...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 21

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris (November...

• Publication date : 2020/03/29
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 25

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 25th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 25), in Madrid (December 2-13, 2019).

• Publication date : 2020/04/20
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 27

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 27th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 27) in Charm...

• Publication date : 2022/12/12
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 26

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 26th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 26) in...

• Publication date : 2021/11/15
• Subjects: Environment

IJR editorial: The cop on climate change: a growing presence of refrigeration issues to be consolidated

The Conference of the Parties on climate change was held in Sharm-El-Sheikh (Egypt) from Sunday 6 November to Sunday 20 November 2022. Generally speaking, this COP did not result in the decisions and actions...

• Publication date : 2023/01/23
• Subjects: Environment

MOP 27: Strong debate in the run-up to COP21

MOP 27 delegates continued firm discussions and addressed the outcomes of OEWG 36

• Publication date : 2015/11/04

Watch our side event at COP27

COP27 will mark the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

• Publication date : 2022/10/25
• Subjects: Environment

Conference update: Copenhagen

Don't miss the 8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids (GL2008), the event in this field, to be held on September 7-10, 2008 in Copenhagen, Denmark. With over 150 abstracts received, this will be a milestone event. Find out...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

Conference update: Copenhagen

Don't miss the 8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids (GL2008), the event in this field, to be held on September 7-10, 2008 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Key dates: abstract submissions by February 15, 2008; paper submittal: May...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

Conference update: Copenhagen

Don't miss the 8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids (GL2008), the event in this field, to be held on September 7-10, 2008 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Key dates: abstract submissions by February 15, 2008; paper submittal: May...

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

Conference update: Copenhagen

Don't miss the 8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids (GL2008), the event in this field, to be held on September 7-10, 2008 in Copenhagen, Denmark. With over 150 papers, this will be a milestone event. For more information...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/06/09
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFO et HCFO, Blends

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)