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IIR document

Effect of sorbet freezing process on draw temperature and ice crystal size using focused beam reflectance method (FBRM) online measurements.

• Author(s) : ARELLANO B. J. E., GONZALEZ B. D., LEDUCQ D., et al.
• Publication date: 2011/08/21
• Languages :
• Keywords : Ice, Texture, Sorbet, Expérimentation, Crystal, Ice cream, Freezing
• Source: Proceedings of the 23^rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Prague, Czech Republic, August 21-26, 2011. Overarching theme: Refrigeration for Sustainable Development.
• Formats : PDF

Pré-congélation des végétaux par immersion.

• Author(s) : LANOISELLÉ J. L., TOUMI S., CLAUSSE D.
• Publication date: 2014/10
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Technology, Precooling, Quality, Vegetable, Immersion, Freezing, Fruit, Storage life
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - vol. 103 - n. 1147/1148

Congélation en présence de micro-ondes : application à la viande de porc.

• Author(s) : XANTHAKIS E., LE BAIL A., RAMASWAMY H.
• Publication date: 2014/10
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Technology, Ice, Microwave, Pork, Crystallization, Freezing
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - vol. 103 - n. 1147/1148

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Is it effective to pre-cool close to the freezing point temperature before freezing?

• Author(s) : MAEKAWA R., WATANABE M., POUDYAL R. L., SUZUKI T.
• Publication date: 2021/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing, Freezing time, Ice, Precooling, Temperature, Simulation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 132
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of various freezing rate on freeze-drying process of water diagnosed by ultrasonic technology.

• Author(s) : CHENG C., TSENG Y. H., CHENG H. P.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Technology, Freezing temperature, Freeze-drying, Sensor, Measurement, Freezing rate, Ultrasound, Change of phase, Water
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Examinations of quantitative evaluation method of food freezing process. Evaluation of pre-cooling freezing.

• Author(s) : MAEKAWA R., WATANABE M., SUZUKI T.
• Publication date: 2020/08/26
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Precooling, Freezing, Simulation, Expérimentation, Food application
• Source: 6^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Nantes, France, August 26-28 2020
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental analysis of freezing process of stationary food samples inside a hydrofluidisation freezing chamber.

• Author(s) : PALACZ M., PIECHNIK E., HALSKI M., STEBEL M., ADAMCZYK W., EIKEVIK T., SMOLKA J.
• Publication date: 2021/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Expérimentation, Freezing, Food, Test rig, Potato, Tomato, Blueberry, Plum, Heat transfer coefficient, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 131
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

FDM for the freezing process of a slab using integral average properties.

• Author(s) : FERREIRA S. R.
• Publication date: 2020/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing, Freezing time, Modelling, Simulation, Programming, Freezing temperature, Food
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 119
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Freezing times using time derivative of temperature on surface of foods.

• Author(s) : FERREIRA S. R., ROJAS L. O. A.
• Publication date: 2019/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food, Temperature, Modelling, Freezing, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 98
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The effects of ultrasound-assisted freezing on the freezing time and quality of broccoli (Brassicaoleracea L. var. botrytis L.) during immersion freezing.

• Author(s) : XIN Y., ZHANG M., ADHIKARI B.
• Publication date: 2014/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Broccoli, Ultrasound, Loss, Firmness, Flow, Freezing, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 41
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Analysis of the freezing time of chicken breast finite cylinders.

• Author(s) : ZILIO C., RIGHETTI G., PERNIGOTTO G., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CFD, Chicken, Expérimentation, Freezing, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 95
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Freezing time of an infinite cylinder and sphere using the method of lines.

• Author(s) : FERREIRA S. R., ROJAS L. O. A., SOUZA D. F. S., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Sphere, Model, Cylinder, Freezing, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 68
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effects of ultrahigh permittivity ceramic on water freezing by high voltage electric field-assisted freezing system.

• Author(s) : WANG Q., WANG L., TIAN Y., ZHU Z., SUN D. W.
• Publication date: 2021/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food application, Freezing, Ceramics, CFD, Simulation, Electric field, Supercooling, Water
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 128
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Determination of the initial freezing temperature of foods.

• Author(s) : LE BAIL A., TOUBLANC C., QUEVEAU D., GUIHARD L., CRUCEAN D.
• Publication date: 2022/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing, Freezing temperature, Thawing, Meat, Fish, Herring, Pork, Thermodynamic property, Superchilling
• Source: 7^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain Online. Proceedings: April 11-13 2022
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation of the fluid flow inside a hydrofluidisation freezing chamber.

• Author(s) : PALACZ M., ADAMCZYK W., PIECHNIK E., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Velocity (fluids, gases), Food, CFD, Measurement, Testing, Flow, Freezing
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 107
• Formats : PDF

Water desalination thanks to freezing

A new desalination process involving freezing has been developed and offers an alternative to the shortcomings of other technologies such as distillation or inverted osmosis.

• Publication date : 2013/08/30

New solar-cooling technology for cooling-freezing

Refrigeration is often based on compressor technology which consumes electricity. A recently developed system making it possible to achieve relatively low temperatures solely using solar energy has been designed by PROMES, a laboratory working...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Dehydrofreezing of apples

A recent study focuses on a freezing process for partially dehydrated apples.

• Publication date : 2017/07/31

Cryochemistry: chemical reactions accelerated by freezing

Surprisingly, some chemical reactions can be accelerated by freezing. The possible applications of studying such cryoreactions include the food and pharmaceutical cold chain, as well...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28
• Subjects: Environment, Technology

Is an ‘isochoric freezing’ revolution really in the offing?

Comparing isochoric freezing to classical isobaric freezing and new terminology proposal based on the conclusions of a group of IIR experts.

• Publication date : 2023/03/13
• Subjects: Technology

New process combining cryogenic freezing and MAP

Air Products Freshline® Superfresh is a new methodology which combines cryogenic freezing with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in a specific way to extend the life and quality of food products.

• Publication date : 2015/04/19

Isochoric freezing could cut down energy use in the global food cold chain

Compared to conventional isobaric freezing, isochoric freezing could significantly improve the quality of frozen food and generate substantial energy savings. 

• Publication date : 2021/10/22
• Subjects: Technology

European food freezing industry launches a collaborative action to shape the future of the sector

The Kick-off Meeting of the EHEDG Subgroup of Food Refrigeration Equipment will take place on 6 December 2013 at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, the Netherlands, where professionals are kindly invited.

• Publication date : 2013/11/05

For IIR members only

1924 – 2024: Celebrating 100 years of the frozen food industry

In 1924, Clarence Birdseye patented the first apparatus for freezing and packaging fish. 

• Publication date : 2024/02/26
• Subjects: General information

Supercooling and superchilling to increase the shelf life and reduce food waste

Superchilling and supercooling have enormous potential to enable safe, high quality and long term storage of foods without the consumer perceived detrimental effects of freezing.

• Publication date : 2016/01/22

Cryoextraction techniques for better tasting wine?

A recent study in Spain suggests that freezing white grapes using low temperatures in the winemaking process, produces wines that are more aromatic than wines produced with traditional...

• Publication date : 2020/11/27

Cryoablation benefits

Cryoablation involving freezing balloon technology is claimed to enable highly precise targeting of the tissues to be destroyed without damaging the surrounding tissues.

• Publication date : 2012/04/18

Reducing food waste through improved use of home freezers

UK consumers currently throw away at least 800 000 tonnes (worth GBP 2 billion) of food each year, due to it ‘not being used in time’, much of which could have been frozen to eat at a later date. Reasons why foods are thrown away rather than...

• Publication date : 2013/04/11

A Norwegian project: Snow for the future

An independent research organisation and a Norwegian university are developing a heat pump system to produce snow, even if the temperature are above freezing.

• Publication date : 2017/06/02

Windcatchers: the birth of air conditioning and natural refrigeration?

Windcatchers, which can reduce indoor temperatures by around 10°C and store water at near-freezing temperatures during summer months, have been used over centuries in many regions around the world.

• Publication date : 2018/11/22

IIR member news: Linde

Linde uses cryogenic freezing to improve cuts.

• Publication date : 2014/10/21

IIR member news: Linde

Linde claims cryogenic freezing allows cookie manufacturers to produce a more consistent product.

• Publication date : 2015/12/08

New in our Encyclopedia. Ice cream manufacturing and its environmental impact.

A comprehensive review of the freezing process, market data and environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing. 

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Technology

News from IIR members: Linde

Linde has launched CRYOLINE XF, a new cryogenic spiral freezer, which uses advanced cross-flow technology to reduce freezing time and improve cryogen efficiency, while reducing overall freezer size.

• Publication date : 2012/05/11

The IIR launches a call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!

All professionals in the field of low-temperature technologies are called and are strongly encouraged to strictly adhere to the internationally established and approved definitions, by the International...

• Publication date : 2020/10/02
• Subjects: General information

Call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!

All professionals in the field of low-temperature technologies are called and are strongly encouraged to strictly adhere to the internationally established and approved definitions, by the International...

• Publication date : 2020/09/28
• Subjects: General information

Obituary: Per-Oskar Persson

The former Managing Director of Frigoscandia AB, Per-Oskar Persson of Helsingborg, Sweden passed away on August 26, 2008, at the age of 84. He was an Honorary Member of IIR, President of Commission D1, 1971 - 1979, and Head of Section D 1979 -...

• Publication date : 2008/09/29

New publications: The French version of the Red Book

The French version of the Red Book (Recommendations for the Processing and Handling of Frozen Foods) is on sale! The 4th edition of this IIR reference publication - prepared by Mr Leif Bøgh-Sørensen and several international experts - gives an...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Red Book on sale!

The Red Book (Recommendations for the Processing and Handling of Frozen Foods) is one of the IIR's reference publications and one of its best sellers. The 4th edition - prepared by Mr Leif Bøgh-Sørensen and several international experts - presents...

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

The IIR and the ASHRAE establish new definitions of five keywords in the refrigeration sector

For over a year, a group of experts from the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) have been working together to establish common definitions of...

• Publication date : 2019/03/18

New IIR publication: Compendium

The Food Research Institute of Prague and the IIR have co-published a compendium entitled "Thermophysical Properties of Food: Selected Fruits and Vegetables". This book presents a critical literature review of data on the freezing point, density,...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Obituary

The former Managing Director of Frigoscandia AB, Per-Oskar Persson of Helsingborg, Sweden, died on August 26, 2008 at the age of 84. He was an Honorary Member of the IIR and former President of Commission D1, 1971-1979, and Head of Section D...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Brief: Iran

There is now considerable interest in the IIR in Iran. Mr Manuchehr Mehdizadeh, who is well-known in the HVAC, chilling and freezing sectors in Iran, has attracted considerable interest in the IIR, resulting in new members representing strategic...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Meeting: Eurofreeze 2005

The International Workshop Eurofreeze 2005 on Individual Quick Freezing of Foods was held in Sofia (Bulgaria) on January 13-15, 2005. It was organized by the Refrigeration Science and Technology Division of the Technical University of Sofia, with...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

New IIR publications: Properties of Secondary Working Fluids for Indirect Systems

This expanded 2nd edition responds to rising use of secondary refrigerant systems used in many applications. It comprises comprehensive data on a number of aqueous solutions of ethylene and propylene glycol, ethanol, glycerol, ammonia, chlorides...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG