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IIR document

Effect of various freezing rate on freeze-drying process of water diagnosed by ultrasonic technology.

• Author(s) : CHENG C., TSENG Y. H., CHENG H. P.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Technology, Freezing temperature, Freeze-drying, Sensor, Measurement, Freezing rate, Ultrasound, Change of phase, Water
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas and freezing rate on the microbiological quality of frozen blueberries.

• Author(s) : ZHANG L., YAN Z., HANSON E. J., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Chlorine, Blueberry, Freezing rate, Microbiological quality, Freezing
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 47

Effects of different freezing rates on the characteristics of vegetable soybean during frozen storage.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : ZHAO F., ZHANG X., JING H., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/10
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Freezing rate, Quick freezing, Soya, Expérimentation, Cold storage
• Source: Journal of Refrigeration - vol. 36 - n. 165
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

From vial to multiwell - Controlled rate freezing in a convective environment.

• Author(s) : REINSCH H., KRETSCHMER R., SPOERL G.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Liquid nitrogen, Biological material, Freezing rate, Gasification, Development, Cryopreservation, Freezer
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of freezing rate on the quality of frozen strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa).

• Author(s) : DA SILVA D. L., SILVEIRA A. S., RONZONI A. F., HERMES C. J. L.
• Publication date: 2022/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Test rig, Expérimentation, Strawberry, Freezing-thawing, Freezing rate, Freezing time, Household application, Organoleptic property, Modelling
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 144
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Changes in the quality of apple tissue subjected to different freezing rates during long-term frozen storage at different temperatures.

• Author(s) : NARAYANA G. P., JHA P. K., RAWSON A., LE BAIL A.
• Publication date: 2023/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing, Apple, Freezing rate, Cold storage, Firmness, Texture, Expérimentation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 151
• Formats : PDF

Conductividad térmica del hielo en función de la temperatura, la velocidad de congelación, el gas disuelto y la presencia de campos electromagnéticos.

Ice thermal conductivity depending on the temperature, the freezing rate, the dissolved gas and the presence of magnetic fields.

• Author(s) : BONALES L. J., RODRÍGUEZ A. C., SANZ P. D.
• Publication date: 2016/05/03
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Thermal conductivity, Ice, Freezing rate, Temperature, Expérimentation
• Source: CYTEF 2016. VIII Congreso Ibérico y VI Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Coimbra-Portugal, 3-6 mayo, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effects of initial freezing rate on the changes in quality, myofibrillar protein characteristics and myowater status of beef steak during subsequent frozen storage.

• Author(s) : QIAN S., LI X., ZHANG C., BLECKER C.
• Publication date: 2022/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Quality, Beef, Freezing, Water holding, Protein, Denaturation, Freezing rate, Expérimentation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 143
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of freezing rate and storage on the texture and quality parameters of strawberry and green bean frozen in home type freezer.

• Author(s) : BULUT M., BAYER O., KIRTIL E., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Strawberry, Freezing rate, Texture, Nutritional value, French bean, Expérimentation, Freezer, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 88
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of cooling rate and super-chilling temperature on ice crystal characteristic, cell structure, and physicochemical quality of super-chilled fresh-cut celery.

• Author(s) : XU C. C., LIU D. K., GUO C. X., WU Y. Q.
• Publication date: 2020/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Celery, Freezing rate, Cooling rate, Low temperature, Crystallization, Quality, Expérimentation, Food, Chilling, Partial freezing
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 113
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Understanding the impact of freezing and storage on the microstructure of a porous food using synchrotron X-rays microtomography.

• Author(s) : BENKHELIFA H., ZENNOUNE A., LATIL P., FLIN F., GEINDREAU C., NDOYE F. T.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing, Crystallization, Cake, Imaging, Pastry, Freezing rate, Expérimentation
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Nucleation intensification in the ice cream production

• Author(s) : TVOROGOVA A., SHOBANOVA T., LANDIKHOVSKAYA A., SITNIKOVA P., GURSKIY I.
• Publication date: 2020/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice cream, Crystal, Nucleation, Freezing, Liquid nitrogen, Freezing rate, Expérimentation
• Source: Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies - vol. 2 - 11 (104)
• Formats : PDF

Une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation de la microstructure interne de produits congelés.

A new method for characterising the internal microstructure of frozen products.

• Author(s) : NDOYE F. T., VICENT V., VERBOVEN P., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Fruit, Apple, Freezing, Freezing rate, Crystal, Ice, Structure, Expérimentation, Calorimetry
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - n.1171

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Validated numerical model of heat transfer in the forced air freezing of bulk packed whole chickens.

• Author(s) : HOANG D. K., LOVATT S. J., OLATUNJI J. R., CARSON J. K.
• Publication date: 2020/08/26
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing rate, Freezing, Chicken, Poultry, CFD, Simulation, Modelling, Expérimentation, Temperature
• Source: 6^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Nantes, France, August 26-28 2020
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigation on the relationship between freezing temperature and soy protein denaturation.

• Author(s) : FUKUDA R., REDO M. A., WATANABE M.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice, Crystal, Protein, Freezing rate, Freezing, Soya, Tofu, Expérimentation, Thawing, Temperature
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Cryochemistry: chemical reactions accelerated by freezing

Surprisingly, some chemical reactions can be accelerated by freezing. The possible applications of studying such cryoreactions include the food and pharmaceutical cold chain, as well...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Isochoric freezing could cut down energy use in the global food cold chain

Compared to conventional isobaric freezing, isochoric freezing could significantly improve the quality of frozen food and generate substantial energy savings. 

• Publication date : 2021/10/22
• Subjects: Technology

Dehydrofreezing of apples

A recent study focuses on a freezing process for partially dehydrated apples.

• Publication date : 2017/07/31

Cryo-Evolution

Thanks to advances in new freezing techniques, Israeli scientists have successfully transplanted whole frozen and thawed ovaries in sheep, retrieved oocytes from these ovaries and triggered them in the laboratory into early embryonic development,...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

Recent applications of CO2 in the food industry

Carbon dioxide has been used in highly advanced applications the food industry for decades. Recent concerns about greenhouse gas emissions are leading manufacturers to use recycled CO2 from other industrial processes. Linde claim they use the...

• Publication date : 2009/08/13

European cold Store benchmarking study

The European division of the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA) is carrying out a benchmarking study for the European public refrigerated warehouse industry, focusing on facility and equipment data such as capacity, order picking, handling...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

New solar-cooling technology for cooling-freezing

Refrigeration is often based on compressor technology which consumes electricity. A recently developed system making it possible to achieve relatively low temperatures solely using solar energy has been designed by PROMES, a laboratory working...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Briefs: Ice slurries, heart attack victims and surgery patients

In cardiac arrest victims, without fresh oxygen from blood pumped through the body, brain cells start to die in just minutes. Within 10-20 minutes after the heart stops beating, even if doctors can get the heart beating again, the brain has died....

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Briefs: Largest distribution centre in Africa

The centre, built by Woolworths in Midrand, South Africa has a surface area of 72 000 m². The 2-stage refrigeration system uses 4.2 tons of ammonia. It operates at -9°C/+32°C on the low stage while the high-stage ammonia circuit is used to chill...

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

Briefs: A CO2 secondary refrigerant system to test icebreakers

Travelling through the North Pole's ice-capped seas could reduce sea transport distances between Hamburg and Osaka, Japan, or Shanghai, China, for instance, by more than 4000 nautical miles, thus allowing for great time and financial savings. The...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Eurofreeze Contest for Young Researchers

The International Workshop Eurofreeze 2005 on Individual Quick Freezing of Foods was held in Sofia (Bulgaria) on January 13-15, 2005. It was organized by the Refrigeration Science and Technology Division of the Technical University of Sofia, with...

• Publication date : 2005/04/26

CO2 applications: First commercial CO2 system in Latin America

Last April Verdemar supermarket chain inaugurated its fifth store in the suburb of Jardim Canada, Nova Lima -Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is the first Latin American supermarket that uses carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. Its Skyrack Breeze, developed...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Out of ordinary: Skiing under a hot desert sun

What has been referred to as one of the "biggest refrigerators in the world", Dubai's indoor winter sports centre, designed by Acer Snowmech Consultants, spans 170 000 m3, defying nature and a stifling hot desert sun. In order to create an ideal...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

Star in the Shetlands: Star Refrigeration

Star Refrigeration, a corporate member of the IIR, has equipped Shetland Catch Ltd. with new blast-freezing equipment, raising the capacity from 200 to over 750 tonnes per day. Shetland Catch's plant near Lerwick is now probably the largest...

• Publication date : 2004/11/10

Alternative Cooling Technologies conference, London, 1st February 2005

This conference, which was co-sponsored by the UK Institute of Refrigeration and organised commercially by RAC magazine, was well attended with about 140 people present. It was arranged in five sessions. In the first session, speakers from UK...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Obituary: Per-Oskar Persson

The former Managing Director of Frigoscandia AB, Per-Oskar Persson of Helsingborg, Sweden passed away on August 26, 2008, at the age of 84. He was an Honorary Member of IIR, President of Commission D1, 1971 - 1979, and Head of Section D 1979 -...

• Publication date : 2008/09/29

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

The 23rd International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR2011) will take place in Prague on August 21-26, 2011. This will be the key refrigeration event in 2011 and will deal with all facets of refrigeration and refrigeration technology. Around...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

IIR Working Parties

The IIR has 10 commissions: Cryophysics, cryoegineering (A1); Liquefaction and separation of gases (A2); Thermodynamics and transfer processes(B1); Refrigerating equipment (B2); Cryobiology, cryomedicine (C1); Food science and engineering (C2);...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

2008, Refrigeration Year

Many events and actions have already been scheduled or have already taken place in various countries in order to celebrate the IIR's centenary and the 100th anniversaries of several national associations of refrigeration (France, the Netherlands,...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

Brief: Iran

There is now considerable interest in the IIR in Iran. Mr Manuchehr Mehdizadeh, who is well-known in the HVAC, chilling and freezing sectors in Iran, has attracted considerable interest in the IIR, resulting in new members representing strategic...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Meeting: Eurofreeze 2005

The International Workshop Eurofreeze 2005 on Individual Quick Freezing of Foods was held in Sofia (Bulgaria) on January 13-15, 2005. It was organized by the Refrigeration Science and Technology Division of the Technical University of Sofia, with...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

ICR 2011 in Prague: a Resounding Success

The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration held in Prague, on August 21-26, 2011, was highly successful...

• Publication date : 2011/08/30

June 2004: fruitful meetings of the IIR’s statutory committees

Here are some highlights of the annual meetings of the IIR's statutory bodies (Management Committee, Science and Technology Council [STC] and Executive Committee): Strategic Plan of the IIR Four years after having adopted its Strategic...

• Publication date : 2004/07/27

News from IIR members: Linde

Linde has launched CRYOLINE XF, a new cryogenic spiral freezer, which uses advanced cross-flow technology to reduce freezing time and improve cryogen efficiency, while reducing overall freezer size.

• Publication date : 2012/05/11

ENOUGH at the 37th EFFoST International Conference 2023

Several partners from the ENOUGH project were present at the 37th EFFoST International Conference 2023 in Valencia this week.

• Publication date : 2023/11/13

New in our Encyclopedia. Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry 

This summary document presents the applications of cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry .

• Publication date : 2023/06/27
• Subjects: Technology

Supercooling and superchilling: A solution to increased shelf life and reduced food waste?

If these technologies were combined with perfusion chilling for meat and fish, then additional benefits such as rapid cooling, low weight loss and novel products could result.

• Publication date : 2015/10/27

The IIR and the ASHRAE establish new definitions of five keywords in the refrigeration sector

For over a year, a group of experts from the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) have been working together to establish common definitions of...

• Publication date : 2019/03/18

Now freely accessible: The IIR International Dictionary of Refrigeration

Now available in 11 languages, the complete version of the IIR International Dictionary of Refrigeration is freely accessible online!

• Publication date : 2018/01/31

The International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now accessible online

Previously only available in paper format and in just 5 languages, the complete version of the International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now accessible on our website.

• Publication date : 2015/09/23

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)