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  • India’s capacity to leapfrog HFCs

    A paper* presented by Non Governmental Organizations during MOP-24 in Geneva describes preliminary results of a project to explore the business case in India for avoiding high-GWP HFCs in new room air conditioners and motor vehicle air...

    • Publication date : 2013/02/22
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  • Preserving frogs from extinction thanks to cryobanking

    Australian frog cells have been successfully frozen and re-grown in culture, offering hope of a new technique to safeguard endangered amphibians.

    • Publication date : 2018/05/17
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  • The FresH2 project is testing a hydrogen fuel cell to power the refrigeration unit of a semi-trailer

    Bosch’s French subsidiary has developed a hydrogen fuel cell to replace the diesel power supply traditionally used to power the refrigeration unit of semi-trailers. The system is currently being tested on a...

    • Publication date : 2021/10/22
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  • Green hydrogen production project in Namibia

    In partnership with a French-German consortium, the Namibian government plans to develop a green hydrogen production facility. Although some of the funding may be secured as early as...

    • Publication date : 2022/01/18
    • Subjects: Developing country
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  • Hydrogen update

    Torild Skogsholm, Norway's Minister of Transport and Communication, has announced that Norway intends to create a hydrogen highway. The NOK 30 million (roughly 3.8 million €) Hydro-led HyNor project will make it possible to drive from Oslo to...

    • Publication date : 2005/07/19
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  • Hydrogen highways

    Stuart Energy Systems Corporation, a Canadian company, has exported over 1100 hydrogen systems to over 100 countries. Stuart recently won a major contract with the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) in the US. Stuart will supply...

    • Publication date : 2005/02/11
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  • First liquefied hydrogen carrier launched in Japan

    In line with its commitment to pave the way for the first "Hydrogen Society", Japan intends to use this carrier to transport hydrogen from Australia, where it is produced from lignite.

    • Publication date : 2020/02/05
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  • Recent advances in hydrogen liquefaction and storage

    Several review articles present a comprehensive overview of the liquid hydrogen supply chain. IIR members Linde and Air Liquide are contributing to address the global demand for...

    • Publication date : 2023/06/28
    • Subjects: Technology
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    Air Liquide North Las Vegas Liquid H2 Plant

  • Hydrogen liquefaction using a new magnetic cooling technique.

    A recent study proposes a technique that could be used for hydrogen liquefaction using magnetic refrigeration at low temperatures.

    • Publication date : 2021/04/15
    • Subjects: Technology
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  • Briefs: Hydrogen buses

    Canada is rolling out a 1-year pilot hydrogen project across the country. Two hydrogen-fuelled buses are to come into service in Charlottetown. Each bus will run on a H2 combustion engine and will carry 12 passengers. The federal government is...

    • Publication date : 2008/02/12
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  • Hydrogen technology: Cryogenic Engine

    A liquid oxygen-hydrogen pump fed engine achieved a major technical milestone in throttling capability. It is designed to demonstrate successful throttling from full power down to 10% of its thrust. This flexibility to control the flow of fuel...

    • Publication date : 2007/11/20
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  • Hydrogen technology: Global Observer

    Demand for unmanned aerial vehicles is soaring and companies are racing to produce systems that fly higher for longer periods and can carry heavier payloads. AeroVironment Inc.'s Global Observer can fly at around 20 000 m for as long as a week and...

    • Publication date : 2007/11/20
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  • Magnetic refrigeration, a promising technology for the liquefaction of hydrogen

    A keynote at the recent IIR Congress highlights magnetic refrigeration as a technology with high potential for the liquefaction of hydrogen, an essential energy vector for decarbonisation. 

    • Publication date : 2023/11/28
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    Hydrogen storage tanks.

  • Liquid hydrogen as a transportation fuel

    With ever-rising petrol prices and global warming issues, alternative fuels for transportation are high up on the priority list. Hydrogen is already used for this purpose in fuel cell vehicles, but liquid-hydrogen-automobile technology is...

    • Publication date : 2006/11/15
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  • Briefs: Fill ’er up with hydrogen!

    The Linde Group, a corporate member of the IIR, recently inaugurated its Hydrogen Centre in Loohhof, near Munich. The 3-million € centre brings the hydrogen highway system a step closer to an economic reality and will serve as a filling station...

    • Publication date : 2007/02/12
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  • Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

    This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

    • Last update : 2022/01/20
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)
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  • Hydrocarbon refrigerants

    Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

    • Last update : 2022/06/22
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction
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  • Nanorefrigerants

    Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English, French
    • Themes : Nanofluids
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  • Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

    Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

    • Last update : 2023/09/15
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : HFCs
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO
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  • Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends
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  • Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

    In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

    • Last update : 2022/09/16
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)
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  • Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

    • Last update : 2023/06/23
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : LNG and LPG
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  • Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

    The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

    • Last update : 2023/11/07
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs
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  • For IIR members only

    Global cold storage capacity

    This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

    • Last update : 2021/12/06
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics
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  • Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

    Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

    • Last update : 2023/01/16
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Fruit, Vegetables
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  • Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

    From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

    • Last update : 2023/06/30
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Ice creams
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  • Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

    This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

    • Last update : 2022/11/17
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)
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  • Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

    Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

    • Last update : 2023/03/10
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information
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See all results in the Encyclopedia of Refrigeration