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IIR document
Observations of proliferation and division of frozen-thawed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using a time-lapse cinemicroscopy.
The ice nucleation gene from Pseudomonas syringae as a sensitive gene reporter for promoter analysis in Zymomonas mobilis.
Towards a method for cryopreservation of mosquito vectors of human pathogens.
The effect of cryopreservation on the expression of stemness-genes in mouse fetal liver cells.
Analysis of IDO gene expressions in mouse fetal liver mesenchymal stem cells after cryopreservation using different programs.
Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Irish domestic refrigerators possess novel enterotoxin and enterotoxin-like genes and are clonal in nature.
Disruption of the yeast acid trehalase 1 gene confers better survival after dehydration, freezing, and ethanol shock: potential commercial applications.
Differentiation of epidemic-associated strains of Listeria monocytogenes by restriction fragment length polymorphism in a gene region essential for growth at low temperatures (4 deg C).
Use of rRNA gene restriction patterns to evaluate lactic acid bacterium contamination of vacuum-packaged sliced cooked whole-meat product in a meat processing plant.
Progetto di riqualificazione del padiglione di Ematoncologia dell'Ospedale San Martino di Genova.
Retraining's project of a haemato-oncology pavillion at San Martino Hospital in Genoa.
Effects of temperature on the viability, growth and gene profile of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica inoculated in milk.
Discrimination of psychrotrophic and mesophilic strains of the Bacillus cereus group by PCR targeting of major cold shock protein genes.
RNA helicase-like protein as an early regulator of transcription factors for plant chilling and freezing tolerance.
Production of biofilm by Listeria monocytogenes in different materials and temperatures.
Restoration of diploid genotypes by androgenesis.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
1616 results
Air conditioners: what will be the next-generation alternative refrigerant?
The direction the global air-conditioner market will take in selecting next-generation alternative to high-GWP HFCs – mainly R410A – is still uncertain; however, some trends can be noted.
Micro-trigeneration trends and perspectives
Micro-trigeneration systems are emerging in various applications like residential buildings, hotels, hospitals, university campuses, automobiles, etc.
Next-generation HVAC technologies
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) recently announced nearly USD 8m to advance research and development of next-generation HVAC technologies offering significant energy and cost savings in new and existing buildings.
Trigeneration: an asset for the world’s "best building"
One Central Park, the newly awarded “best tall building” in Sydney features trigeneration and on-site solar technology.
Trigeneration for new MediaCityUK
MediaCityUK, based at Salford Quays, on Manchester’s historic Ship Canal, is a new media enterprise zone for northern England. The BBC relocated five of its departments from London to the site in 2011.
Innovative trigeneration system for off-grid homes and businesses
An innovative 'trigeneration' system fuelled entirely by raw plant oils could have great potential for isolated homes and businesses operating outside grid systems.
European legislation and cogeneration
COGEN Europe has issued a new briefing paper on "European Policy and Legislation affecting Cogeneration", which summarises the most important pieces of legislation relevant to the development of cogeneration in Europe. This document shows that the...
Refrigerant news: General Motors
General Motors has announced that it will convert by 2013 the air-conditioning systems in its entire fleet of Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick and GM models from HFC-134a (GWP of 1300) to HFC-1234yf developed by Honeywell and DuPont (GWP of 4). GM said...
New REHVA General Secretary
During the latest REHVA General Assembly held on April 18, 2012, in Timisoara, Romania, Prof. Olli Seppänen announced that he will be stepping aside from the post of REHVA Secretary General. The new Secretary General, Jan Aufderheijde, who was...
A Listeria monocytogenes biosensor based on gold nanoparticles
The innovation is an inexpensive, portable, disposable enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay-based biosensing strip that detects L. monocytogenes theough gold particle-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes.
Frozen fish generates less waste
A recent study conducted by the UK Waste Resources Action Programme (WRAP) on waste in the fish and seafood supply chain shows that there is less retail waste in frozen fish products (1%) than in fresh fish (5%).
5th generation district heating and cooling networks in Europe
A recent generation of district heating and cooling networks is developing in Europe, using low temperature renewable energy heat sources (such as shallow...
Integration of CO2 refrigeration and trigeneration systems for energy savings in supermarkets
An article written by I. Suamir, S.A. Tassou and D. Marriott published in the International Journal of Refrigeration reports on experimental and theoretical investigations regarding the integration of CO2 refrigeration and trigeneration systems...
Briefs: Japanese programme for next generation heat pumps
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in Japan has set up the Next Generation Heat Pump Research Council within the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation (NEDO) in order to examine concrete research proposals....
Nestlé Japan’s Himeji factory’s natural gas cogeneration system
Nestlé Japan's Himeji factory's natural gas cogeneration system has won the 9th New Energy Award in recognition of its high degree of innovation. The Himeji plant is used to produce soluble coffee cryogenically and has high energy efficiency (92%,...
IIR news
785 results
Discover the 33rd IIR Informatory Note on "Cogeneration/Trigeneration"
This Informatory Note discusses the operating principles of cogeneration and trigeneration as well as their advantages and challenges.
Daikin launches educational initiative on next-generation refrigerants
Daikin Comfort Technologies partners with the ESCO Institute to prepare the HVAC industry for the use of low global warming potential refrigerants.
Statement from IIR Director General at MOP37
Statement delivered by Dr. Yosr Allouche, IIR Director General, on November 7, 2025 at MOP37, in Nairobi, Kenya.
Statement from IIR Director General at COP29
Watch the IIR’s official statement delivered by IIR Director General Yosr Allouche at COP29, held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from 11-22 November, 2024. Transcript is available...
IIR Conferences: Statement by the Director General
The Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration, Yosr Allouche, invites participants from around the world to join the upcoming IIR conferences, which are open to all.
Statement from IIR Director General at COP13/MOP36
On the final day of COP13/MOP36, held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 28 October to 1 November 2024, IIR Director General Yosr Allouche delivered IIR’s official statement to the Plenary.
Statement by Yosr Allouche, new Director General of the IIR
The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is pleased to announce the official nomination of Yosr Allouche as its new Director General. In this statement, she outlines her vision and aspirations for the...
Next Generation Cooling: World Refrigeration Day Announces 2023 Theme
Titled "Next Generation Cooling", the WRD 2023 campaign will focus on the future of cooling technology, the industry, the people working within it, and those that benefit from cooling.
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 34
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 34th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-34) in Montréal, Canada (octobre 31 –...
Statement from IIR Director General at UNIDO Sustainable Cooling Forum
Statement delivered by Dr. Yosr Allouche, IIR Director General, on April 8, 2026, at the UNIDO Sustainable Cooling Forum in Vienna, Austria.
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 27
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 27th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 27) in Charm...
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 26
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 26th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 26) in...
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 21
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris (November...
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 25
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 25th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 25), in Madrid (December 2-13, 2019).
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 35
Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 35th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-35) in Nairobi, Kenya (octobre 23 –...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
16 results
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Events
11 results
IIR event
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
Find out more
11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting
June 07, 2026 - June 11, 2026
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Submit your full paper now! The 11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting (Thermag 2026), to be...
19th IIR Conference on Cryogenics
April 26, 2027 - April 30, 2027
Dresden, Germany
The 19th CRYOGENICS 2027 continues in the series of conferences held every two years. The conference will deal with new challenges of the equipment and technologies with temperatures below 120 K (-153°C), as well as with other...
Sponsored event
28th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue
July 12, 2026 - July 16, 2026
West Lafayette, IN, United States
A conference co-sponsored by the IIR Since 1972, Herrick Labs has hosted the premier international conferences on Compressor Engineering, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, and...
Cooling Without Warming: Energy‑Efficient ACs and Heat Pumps
April 28, 2026
Paris, France
Register here
Data Centers at a Crossroads: Energy, Cooling, and Policy Challenges
May 12, 2026
Register...
15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
September 16, 2026 - September 18, 2026
Xi'an, China
Currently accepting full papers! The 15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for...
Other event
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
2026 China International Heat Pump Conference
October 13, 2026 - October 17, 2026
Shanghai, China
Following the resounding success of the 2nd China Heat Pump Conference (CHPC 2024) in Shenzhen, which gathered over 850 experts and delegates from 33 countries & regions, the upcoming 3rd CHPC in 2026 is poised to further expand its global...
21st International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue
9th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue
