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Hot gas bypass defrost.
IIR document
The LOGAS hot gas defrost system.
Energy consumption of hot gas, electrical and brine defrost.
Defrosting performance and control strategy with hot gas bypass for a medical refrigerator.
Characterization and performance testing of two-stage reciprocating compressors using a hot-gas load stand with carbon dioxide.
Energy saving comparing pressure controlled and liquid drain controlled hot gas defrost.
Assessment of the influence of the intermediate pressure on the optimal gas cooler pressure in a one-stage CO2 heat pump with gas bypass for hot water generation.
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Testing of tri-partite CO2 gas cooler prototype for domestic hot water and space heating.
Experimental analysis of a novel gas-engine-driven heat pump (GEHP) system for combined cooling and hot-water supply.
Eliminating internal haemorrhage in hot gas defrost systems.
Experimental study of electrospray for exhaust gas treatment.
Heat pump driven by a gas engine for heating and domestic hot water generation.
Deposit removal in EGR cooler and effectiveness improvement by non-thermal plasma reactor with different gas sources.
Techno-environmental evaluation of a river-source heat pump system using a hot gas bypass valve.
Experimental study on defrosting multi outdoor units in turn for air source heat pump using hot gas.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
119 results
Residential CO2 heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating
This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). A theoretical and experimental study was carried out for a residential brine-to-water CO2 heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating - a...
Briefs: CO2 heat pumps in a retirement home
Villa Laura, a retirement home near Florence, Italy, is equipped with 4 water/water ground-water heat pumps operating with a transcritical CO2 cycle providing heating, air conditioning and hot water. This technology is already used to produce hot...
Solar absorption air conditioning
When do you need air conditioning? When it is hot and sunny. This is why Broad Air Conditioning, China, one of the world's largest manufacturers of direct-fired absorption chillers, has been focusing on solar absorption air-conditioning systems...
Brief: Kogas
Kogas had hoped to buy an extra 10 liquefied natural gas (LNG) cargoes ahead of the peak-demand winter season but is encountering a tight market. Besides annual supplies under term contracts, Kogas has recently been buying more than 30 LNG cargoes...
R&D
The US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed a new air-conditioning system combining membranes, evaporative coolers and desiccants into a single device with the objective to suit to all climates,...
Sorption chillers
Sorption chiller technology is rapidly developing, especially that using solar energy. - As highlighted by Jacob and Kohlenbach* during the latest IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids in Sydney, in Europe, numerous new...
Briefs: Danfoss
Danfoss has won the 2004 AHR Expo Innovation Award in the refrigeration category for its TN hermetic compressor for CO2. The Innovation Awards, jointly sponsored by ASHRAE and ARI, are designed to encourage innovation and recognise significant...
Briefs: Grenco Marine
Grenco Marine has developed the first ammonia/carbon dioxide cascade systems to be used on board fishing vessels. Experience with the Dirk-Dirk (a trawler with a capacity of 235 tons of fish/day) led to the development of a new defrosting process:...
Briefs: Electronic air conditioning
David Sattler, from Sattler Consulting, a Melbourne-based firm (Australia) was awarded an AUD 80000 federal government grant to further his work on a new type of air conditioner, allowing for large cooling effects (and a heating potential) with...
ASHRAE Technology Awards: winning project features green design
The ASHRAE Technology Awards recognize outstanding achievements by members who have successfully applied innovative building design in the areas of occupant comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ) and energy conservation. The designs incorporate ASHRAE...
2005 AHR Expo Innovation award winners
The winners of the third annual AHR (Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration) Expo Innovation awards will be honoured during a ceremony during the 2005 AHR Expo in Orlando, Florida, on February 8, 2005. The product entries were judged for...
Ultracold polar molecules
Scientists at JILA, a joint institute of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado at Boulder (CU-Boulder), have applied their expertise in ultracold atoms and lasers to produce the first high-density...
Humidity greatly impacts emissions from air conditioning
The environmental impact of controlling humidity in air conditioning may be larger than the impact of reducing temperatures, according to research from the National Renewable Energy...
EU requires cold treatment for citrus imports
According to a new EU legislation, a mandatory cold treatment will be required for citrus fruits imported from non-EU countries.
Solar cooling: Perspectives in Australia
A paper by P. Kohlenbach and M. Dennis1 presented at the 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants in Sydney gave an outlook and future perspectives on solar cooling in Australia, focusing on a comparison between the current...
IIR news
106 results
ICR2007 in Beijing
The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) holds Congresses every 4 years. They have two objectives: - a scientific objective: apart from the numerous IIR and IIR-co-sponsored conferences (about 50 over a 4-year period), which are focused...
IIR takes on new EU funded project AGRI-COOL!
The IIR will partner with 13 other establishments on this new research project focused on improving quality of life for African communities and industries.
International events: Moscow
The 6th Cryogen-Expo took place in Moscow on November 13-16, 2007. Fifty-nine exhibitors from 10 countries took part, and a conference on Cryogenic Technologies and Equipment and Prospects of Development was staged on November 14-15. The IIR ran a...
Brief: IOR's Anniversary
Over 900 persons attended the UK Institute of Refrigeration (IOR)'s 106th Anniversary Dinner which was held on February 8, 2006 at Grosvenour House Hotel, London, appropriately in the ballroom, a former ice skating rink. In his speech, the...
IIR wins ECREEE Award for solar cooling and heating efforts in Africa with SophiA
The ECOWAS Sustainable Energy Forum took place in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire on November 28-29. The IIR organised a SophiA workshop and was honoured with an ECREEE Award for its outstanding contribution to...
Press release: Strengthening Cold Chains: UNEP and IIR Release Three Technology Briefs and Announce Webinar Series
Nairobi, 3 November 2025 — The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) OzonAction are pleased to announce the release of three new Cold Chain Technology Briefs that address...
IIR member news: Excess heat is the largest untapped energy source
In a whitepaper, IIR Benefactor member Danfoss highlights the vast untapped potential of excess heat as a source of energy.
IJR Editorial: Solar energy, the energy of the future for refrigeration
Solar refrigeration should become a means of providing cleaner air conditioning and developing cold chains for food and health products where they are still deficient. We need to accompany this development while...
Discover what’s new on HFCs
The IIR expands its information services in HFCs
Walk-In Cold Rooms: A Practitioner’s Technical Guide
In many developing countries, agriculture is crucial to livelihoods, and developing the cold chain from field to table can boost incomes and stimulate economic growth. Cold stores are an essential link in the...
International collaboration: The key to a prosperous future in refrigeration
The IIR puts its international network into action for the benefit of all.
IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference 2018 attracts its largest number of participants yet
With a focus on natural refrigerants, principally ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, the 13th conference in the series attracted the largest number of participants yet, welcoming an impressive 300 individuals from 45 different countries and...
Spotlight on Commission B2: at the forefront of refrigerating equipment
Coordinated by the IIR Science and Technology Council, Commission B2 focuses on promoting knowledge of refrigerating equipment technologies and their applications worldwide.
AGRI-COOL kicked off virtually!
On June 17th, 2024, the consortium partners of the new EU project AGRI-COOL, met for the Kick-Off meeting. This online meeting was hosted by the project coordinator Twente University with the participation of the 12 other partners,...
Launch of the AGRI-COOL website
The IIR is proud to announce the official launch of the AGRI-COOL website, which will provide a central access point for information on this pioneering project to address the challenges of food security, climate...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
14 results
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Events
1 result
Other event
2026 Cryogenic Microscopy & Spectroscopy Workshop
March 23, 2026 - March 26, 2026
Brno, Czech (Republic)
Fostering cross‐disciplinary collaboration & innovation in cryogenics, electron microscopy, and spectroscopy.
Find out more
