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IIR document
SIS100 HTS local current leads. Cryogenic performance.
Multichannel temperature regulator for SIS100 HTS current leads.
Recommended by the IIR
China’s MEPS lead to major AC market transformation.
Cryogenics in high-current busbars – Solutions and requirements.
Analysis of the influence structural defects on the critical current of the HTc superconducting tapes.
Optimization tool for cryogenic mixed-refrigerant cycles applied on HTS and hybrid LTS current leads.
Improvement of the efficiency of twin-screw refrigeration compressors by means of dual lead rotors.
Predictive 1-D thermal-hydraulic analysis of the prototype HTS current leads for the ITER correction coils.
A simple heat-flow-based control strategy for one-bed adsorption chillers leading to Pareto-optimal performance.
Cryogenic tests of the main HTS current leads for the SIS100 heavy ion accelerator of the FAIR project.
Mitigating probability of fire in a high pressure oxygen system by appropriate design of divergent pipe leading to particle filter.
Impact of a 12-volt lead acid battery state-of-charge on the performance of an automotive air conditioning system.
Effect of jet nozzle geometry on flow and heat transfer performance of vortex cooling for gas turbine blade leading edge.
Correlation to predict conditions that lead to liquid-flooding at compressor start-up as a function of evaporator size and fluid properties.
A hybrid physics-based machine learning framework for oil retention prediction: A comparative analysis of modeling approaches in refrigerant vapor lines.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
462 results
LG Electronics leads AC world sales
LG Electronics, a Korean company, sold more than 10 million air-conditioning units in 2004, making it the largest company in the world in terms of AC market share. This marks the fifth successive year LG has held the top spot in air conditioner...
LNG-fuelled ships continue to lead despite 47 % decrease in alternative maritime fuels market
According to the maritime classification and consultancy company DNV, 2025 saw a 47 % year-on-year decrease in orders of alternative-fuelled ships, with LNG still leading the sector.
North America and Europe lead the global geothermal heat pump market
The global geothermal heat pumps market is expected to have a 13.1% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2014 to 2020, reaching USD 130.5 billion by the end of 2020.
Turkey aims to be the European leader in air conditioning unit production
Over 90% of the nearly 40 air conditioning unit producers active in Turkey are comprised completely of local companies.
Air conditioning: which refrigerant will become the leading alternative to R410A?
R32 is being adopted widely for residential and small commercial air conditioning applications, but R466A, R452B and R454B are promising candidates, especially for larger size systems.
New discovery in magnetic metal could lead to improvements in magnetic refrigeration
Scientists have recently solved the mystery behind a distinct property in a unique magnetic metal. This discovery could pave the way for the development of several new technologies in magnetic refrigeration.
Renewables power 26.2% of EU heating and cooling, Sweden leads the way
According to Eurostat annual analysis, the share of renewable energy sources in heating and cooling has reached its highest value since 2004.
National Geographic Society sets an example with green headquarters
The National Geographic Society is saving 8 to 11% on energy costs, amounting to USD 300 000 per year, following energy efficiency and water conservation upgrades to its headquarters in Washington DC. The Society’s 100-year-old building...
Jordan phases out CFCs one year ahead of schedule
Jordan’s national programme for phasing out the use of CFCs, which aimed at disposing 1500 tonnes of these refrigerants was achieved one year ahead of schedule.
Wales to launches its own deep freeze ahead of the Six Nations Championship
Wales is to build a cryotherapy chamber at its rugby training base near Cardiff in time for next year’s Six Nations Championship.
AC adoption may increase household electricity consumption up to 42%
In a recent study by EnergyA, an EU-funded research project, authors examined the impact of climatic conditions on households’ electricity expenditures in Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands,...
UK: Heat Pump Ready Programme supports innovation and knowledge transfer to accelerate heat pump adoption
Heat Pump Ready, led by the UK’s Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ), aimed to accelerate heat pump adoption in the UK and support the development of new tools, technologies and business models...
Irregularities found in deadly ammonia leak accident in China
Investigators found that the company illegally built the workshop after completing construction of the plant's main body, blocking the fire exits, according to a statement from the Shanghai work safety supervision bureau.
Worldwide adoption of MEPS on the rise
Over 100 countries now use mandatory minimum energy efficiency performance standards or energy labels for the most common appliances, according to the IEA Energy Efficiency 2022...
Challenges related to the adoption of air conditioning in emerging economies by 2040
The authors of a recent article modelled the adoption of air conditioning by 2040 in four emerging economies: Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Mexico. The adoption of AC could increase between two- to sixteen-fold,...
IIR news
239 results
Member news: Danfoss hosts global leaders in sustainable heating & cooling
In April, Danfoss hosted a week dedicated to sustainable heating and cooling. The second day featured Danfoss RACHP Symposium, where IIR Director General Yosr Allouche delivered a keynote presentation,...
Focus on Commission B1 : Leading the way in thermodynamics and transfer processes
The objectives of Commission B1 on Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes are to provide academic and industrial information and data, and to propose any solutions on thermodynamics and transfer processes.
IIR Launches Call for Publication Chair, Lead Authors and Contributors for the Global Refrigeration Outlook
Paris, February 9th, 2026 – The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) announces the launch of a global call for a Publication Chair, Lead Authors, and Contributors for its forthcoming flagship...
Strengthening cold chain technologies in hot climates: IIR and UNEP lead the conversation at MOP37
Nairobi, 3 November 2025 — At the 37th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP37), UNEP OzonAction and the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) hosted a dynamic side event focused on strengthening sustainable...
Celebrating Heat Pumps Day with Björn Palm: Scientific Leadership and IIR Engagement
In celebration of Heat Pumps Day, the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is proud to spotlight the work of Professor Björn Palm, a leading figure in the field of thermal systems and energy...
IIR's Annual Meeting: New Leadership and Strategic Direction for Sustainable Refrigeration
The IIR's June statutory meetings were very productive in terms of strategy and internal organisation. Here is a brief overview of the main outcomes.
IIR joins key stakeholder talks on AHEAD program in Delhi
Yosr Allouche, Director General of the IIR, had the distinct honour of participating in the National Stakeholder Consultation for the “Alleviating Heat Stress by Enhancing Production of Affordable Cooling...
A New Era: Dr Yosr Allouche to become the first woman to head the International Institute of Refrigeration
A new chapter has begun for the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) with the triumphant election of Dr Yosr Allouche (39) as the first woman to hold the prestigious position of Director...
What you didn’t know about IIR membership!
Access, join, engage! Join the IIR and become a part of an international network dedicated to refrigeration.
A roundup of the top IIR headlines in 2016
Check out the major events that took the spotlight at the International Institute of Refrigeration during 2016.
Call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!
All professionals in the field of low-temperature technologies are called and are strongly encouraged to strictly adhere to the internationally established and approved definitions, by the International...
The IIR launches a call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!
ICR2015 Abstract submission deadline extended!
ICR2015 is gearing up to be more successful than ever with over 880 abstracts already submitted!
Paris Agreement signed and the OEWG37 makes headway
Find out how the Paris Agreement, adopted during the Conference of Parties (COP21) and signed on 22 April 2016, and advancements at the 37th Meeting of the Open-ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (OEWG37) will impact the...
Discover the newly-elected IIR Section and Commission heads
Welcome the IIR’s new statutory body members!
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
13 results
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Events
4 results
IIR event
27th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration
August 21, 2027 - August 27, 2027
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Save the date! The International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR) is a leading global event in the field of refrigeration, organised by the International Institute of Refrigeration...
Find out more
Data Centers at a Crossroads: Energy, Cooling, and Policy Challenges
May 12, 2026
Register...
Other event
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
19th IIR Conference on Cryogenics
April 26, 2027 - April 30, 2027
Dresden, Germany
The 19th CRYOGENICS 2027 continues in the series of conferences held every two years. The conference will deal with new challenges of the equipment and technologies with temperatures below 120 K (-153°C), as well as with other...
