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IIR document

Influence of break-in on the leakage through reed-type valves of low-capacity refrigeration compressors.

• Author(s) : DOS SANTOS F. L., SILVA E., DESCHAMPS C. J.
• Publication date: 2019/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R600a, Measurement, Household refrigerator, Valve (compressor), Low capacity, Expérimentation, Leakage, Reciprocating compressor
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 108
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Low capacity nitrogen liquefier.

• Author(s) : SAMOKHVALOV Y., KROTOV A., BYCHKOV E., MASLIKOVA S., KRIKUNOVA M.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Trade-offs between design complexity and performance impacts for transcritical R744 ejectors.

• Author(s) : BOTTICELLA F., LIU Z., ELBEL S.
• Publication date: 2019/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Design, R744, Performance, Low capacity, Ejector, Transcritical cycle, CO2
• Source: 8^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, Avril 11-13, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Experimental study of a low-temperature compressor-ejector refrigeration System.

• Author(s) : BUYADGIE D., NESTEROV P., BUYADGIE O., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low temperature, Cooling capacity, Performance, Expérimentation, Ejector, Compressor
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Towards industrialization of a small capacity direct air-cooled LiBr-Water absorption chiller.

• Author(s) : FARNÓS J., CASTRO J., PAPAKOKKINOS G., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/08/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Mass transfer, Chiller, Absorption, Low capacity, Expérimentation, Water-lithium bromide
• Source: International sorption heat pump conference, ISHPC 2017, Tokyo august 7-10.

Medium capacity low charge ammonia chiller and heat pump.

• Author(s) : SALGADO FUENTES V., MARKUSSEN W. B., ROTHUIZEN E. D., KRISTOFERSSON J., MADSEN C., ELMEGAARD B.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low charge, Ammonia, Chiller, Heat pump, Refrigerant charge, Modelling, COP, Cooling, Heating
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Transient simulation of small-capacity reciprocating compressors in on-off controlled refrigerators.

• Author(s) : DINIZ M. C., HERMES C. J. L., DESCHAMPS C. J.
• Publication date: 2019/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Energy consumption, Temperature, Transient state, Household refrigerator, Simulation, Low capacity, Reciprocating compressor
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 102
• Formats : PDF

Effect of fluid flow inertia and backflow on the effective force and flow areas of reed-type valves.

• Author(s) : LOHN S. K., SILVA E., BEPPLER D. L., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Suction, CFD, Discharge, Valve (compressor), Simulation, Prediction, Low capacity, Flow, Reciprocating compressor
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 24^th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Evaluating alternative refrigerants for high ambient temperature environments.

• Author(s) : ABDELAZIZ O., SHRESTHA S.
• Publication date: 2016
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Split system, Low GWP, Cooling capacity, Substitute, Performance, Refrigerant, Air conditioning
• Source: IEA Heat Pump Centre Newsletter - vol. 34 - n. 1

Development of a light-commercial compressor load stand to measure compressor performance using low-GWP refrigerants.

• Author(s) : SCHMIDT D., SINGLETON J., BRADSHAW C. R.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Hot gas, Low GWP, Thermocouple, Design, Cooling capacity, Performance, Testing, Refrigerant, Compressor
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 24^th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

High efficient integrated CO₂ refrigeration systems with ejectors and pivoting compressor arrangements.

• Author(s) : HAFNER A.
• Publication date: 2017/09/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Commercial application, Low GWP, Efficiency, R744, Cooling capacity, HFC, Expérimentation, Ejector, Compressor
• Source: Compressors 2017: 9^th International Conference on Compressors and Coolants.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The potential of water as a refrigerant - past, present and future approaches.

• Author(s) : HANSLIK F., SUESS J., KOEHLER J.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Data centre, Chiller, R718, Compression system, Review, Low capacity, Air conditioning, Water, Centrifugal compressor
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation on the low-GWP HFC/HFO blends R454A and R454C in a R404A refrigeration system.

• Author(s) : ORUÇ V., DEVECIOGLU A. G.
• Publication date: 2021/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Expérimentation, HFC, HFO, Low GWP, R404A, R454A, R454C, Cooling capacity, COP, Mixture, Performance
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 128
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental analysis of novel wetting structures for evaporative cooling.

• Author(s) : MORGENSTERN A., BONGS C.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low pressure, Ventilation, Nozzle, Water holding, Cooling capacity, Evaporative system, Expérimentation, Air conditioning
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Feasibility study and performance evaluation of low capacity water–LiBr absorption cooling.

• Author(s) : KETFI O., MERZOUK M., MERZOUK N. K., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/10
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 82
• Formats : PDF

Benefits of thermal energy storage

The use of thermal storage, coupled to a refrigeration unit, allows the user to reduce the cooling capacity of installed units, to lower operating costs and electric bills, to increase plant reliability and to provide an effective solution for...

• Publication date : 2013/03/29

IJR highlights: review of low-GWP alternative refrigerants

In a recent review article based on over 60 published studies and published in the International Journal of Refrigeration, Chinese researchers have compared nearly 40 alternative low-GWP refrigerants in terms of...

• Publication date : 2021/06/28
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

LHC season 3: cryogenic cooling system upgrade

The particle accelerator returned to service in 2022 after numerous improvements, including an increase in cryogenic cooling power at point 4. 

• Publication date : 2022/05/30
• Subjects: Technology

How to evaluate the refrigerating capacity of compressors?

Most compressor manufacturers express the capacity of their compressors using the "nominal capacity" of the motor, expressed in HP (1 Horse Power = 0.735 kW) which does not give precise information on the refrigerating capacity of the compressor....

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

The French air-conditioning market is growing significantly

According to Clim'info, in France, sales of individual air conditioners (with capacities below 17.5 kW) have undergone a very strong progression - about 40% - in 2003 compared with 2002. Sales of small mobile units, in particular, have benefited...

• Publication date : 2004/07/15

Charge minimization in hydrocarbon systems

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). It presents the results of the project to minimize charge in a R290 system that has 1-1.5 kW refrigeration capacity. Currently, there are many guidelines...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

LNG vessels

The world's largest LNG vessel, Mozah, recently made its maiden visit to the South Hook LNG Terminal in Milford Haven, UK, heralding a new era in the history of liquefied natural gas (LNG) transportation. The Q-Max ship measures 345 metres long,...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Sorption chillers

Sorption chiller technology is rapidly developing, especially that using solar energy. - As highlighted by Jacob and Kohlenbach* during the latest IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids in Sydney, in Europe, numerous new...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

French supermarkets turn to ice slurries

- Carrefour 's Collégien, France, hypermarket is using indirect refrigeration for over 6100 m 2 out of a total 15 000 m 2 surface area: CO 2 (in a 4-loop system) for temperatures below 0°C (refrigerating capacity: 232 kW) and ice slurries...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Magnetic cooling takes off

- The principle of magnetic cooling is based on the magnetocaloric effect, which was discovered in 1881 by Warburg. Magnetocaloric materials heat up when they are positioned in a magnetic field and cool down to a lower temperature than their...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Trends and Figures: Cold storage capacity per capita, a global glimpse

IARW published a list showing their member countries' public refrigerated capacity in 2006 and we thought it might be interesting to calculate the refrigerated-warehouse capacity per capita by country. The list is topped by The Netherlands (551...

• Publication date : 2006/11/15

Figures: the cold chain in Germany

According to the VDKL's latest survey on refrigerated and frozen storage capacities in Germany, in 2005 there were over 728 cold stores with a capacity over 2000 m3. Overall capacity amounted to 20 million m3. There are over 55 000 lorries and 43...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

Marine refrigeration

The use of natural refrigerants is gradually spreading. Here are two examples of their use in the marine sector: - Environmentally-friendly fish transport American Freedom is one of the world's largest refrigerated ships and can hold up to...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

Cold storage: figures

According to the International Association of Refrigerated Warehouses (IARW) Global Cold Storage Capacity Report, public refrigerated warehouse storage is increasing around the world. Data from over 40 member countries was collected for the 2008...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

R&D

The US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed a new air-conditioning system combining membranes, evaporative coolers and desiccants into a single device with the objective to suit to all climates,...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Member news: Mirai Intex releases new high capacity ultra-low temperature refrigeration system

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, has released a new ultra-low temperature (ULT) system based on air-cycle technology, offering high cooling capacity.

• Publication date : 2021/03/09
• Subjects: Technology, HFCs alternatives

New IIR Informatory Note on thermal energy storage systems

IIR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that a well-designed TES system can reduce energy consumption through more efficient equipment operation and lower investment costs, thus reducing the equipment...

• Publication date : 2022/01/28

News from IIR members: GDF-SUEZ

GDF SUEZ continues to develop its small scale liquefied natural gas (LNG) activities in North West Europe following the awarding by Fluxys of additional berthing and storage capacity long-term rights at the Zeebrugge LNG terminal.

• Publication date : 2013/06/20

News from IIR members: Kinarca

Kinarca obtains ISO 22000 certification for its gel-ice machine. Bureau Veritas Certification has certified that Kinarca's Food Security system applied to the design process, manufacturing assembly and maintenance of flo-ice machines is according...

• Publication date : 2009/02/24

WGC PARIS 2015: “Growing together towards a friendly planet”

The 26th World Gas Conference (WGC), held in Paris last week, offered attendees an ideal opportunity for networking, learning and sharing information on the latest developments

• Publication date : 2015/06/09

STEF-TFE opens largest cold store in Madrid

New site cuts energy consumption by 15% with innovative energy storage system during off-peak hours

• Publication date : 2011/12/08

Heat pumps, the central theme of the recent IIR Congress

An overview of the research carried out in the field of heat pumps, with the aim of achieving greater flexibility and increased energy efficiency, in particular through to the use of thermal energy...

• Publication date : 2023/10/24

News from IIR members: Star Refrigeration

Star Refrigeration has installed a highly efficient Azanechiller at a Scottish meat processing facility. The central pumped glycol system has a total cooling capacity of 365kW and includes pumps with variable speed drives, six ceiling...

• Publication date : 2011/08/04

The Cold Chain: A logistical challenge at the heart of the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine 

Gérald Cavalier - President of the Science and Technology Council of the International Institute of Refrigeration, President of the French Association of Refrigeration, President of the Cemafroid...

• Publication date : 2020/11/23
• Subjects: General information, Technology

Activities of the IIR’s Commission A2 on Liquefaction and Separation of Gases

The problems related to thermodynamic optimization and new technologies in liquefaction and separation of gases are actual and critical for many branches of modern industry, power generation and medicine.

• Publication date : 2014/03/07

Member news: Koura introduces new refrigerant for air conditioning

Refrigerant manufacturer Koura recently introduced R468C, a refrigerant that could replace R410A in air conditioning systems.  

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Member news: Mirai Intex ultra-low temperature refrigeration system at the ACHEMA trade show in Germany

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, will present its MC 15 C/W/T closed-cycle refrigeration machine at the ACHEMA trade show in August 2022 in Germany.

• Publication date : 2022/08/16
• Subjects: Technology

News from IIR members: Linde

Linde has launched CRYOLINE XF, a new cryogenic spiral freezer, which uses advanced cross-flow technology to reduce freezing time and improve cryogen efficiency, while reducing overall freezer size.

• Publication date : 2012/05/11

Member News: Daikin partners with Fujifilm to reduce noise from some of its ventilation/humidification units

The Japanese company Daikin will soon use a new technology to reduce noise in some of its ventilation and humidification units. 

• Publication date : 2022/02/28

Two new IIR Informatory Notes on Energy Recovery!

The IIR has just published two new Informatory Notes on energy recovery: one on Energy Recovery in Mechanical Ventilation Systems and the other one on Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment. 

• Publication date : 2021/06/29

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information