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Mixed-Mode Ventilation in HVAC System for Energy and Economic Benefits in Residential Buildings.
IIR document
Implementing absorption refrigeration cycle in lieu of DMR and C3MR cycles in the integrated NGL, LNG and NRU unit.
Future refrigerant mix estimates as a result of the European Union regulation on fluorinated gases.
A study on the performance of heat pump by mixing ratio of isobutane/propane mixed refrigerants.
Robustness analysis of the mixed refrigerant composition employed in the single mixed refrigerant (SMR) liquefied natural gas (LNG) process.
Characterization of mixed Cp + CO2 hydrates for refrigeration applications.
Optimisation of expansion liquefaction processes using mixed refrigerant N2–CH4.
Closed cycle cryosurgical device with phase separator and mixed refrigerant.
Variable mixing chamber waste-heat driven ejector cycle for commercial refrigeration.
The viscosity characteristics for the mixed refrigerant HFO-1234yf + HFC-152a.
Optimization of a vapor injection refrigeration cycle using hydrocarbon mixed refrigerants.
The molecular exchange flow of He-Ar mixed gas in microflow.
A mixed refrigerant Joule-Thomson cryocooler for trapped-ion quantum chips.
Design of non-flammable mixed-refrigerants Joule-Thomson refrigerator below -100℃.
Improved efficiency in hydrogen liquefaction with integrated precooled single mixed refrigerant.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
1042 results
Alternative mixtures for R134a
A NIST study identifies 23 non-flammable or slightly flammable mixtures as R134a alternatives in air conditioning.
HFC134a/HFO1234yf mixture: lower GWP without flammability
A recent study* published in the International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR) by Inha University, South Korea, compared the performance of HFC134a, HFO1234yf and HFO1234yf/HFC134a mixtures at three compositions of 5%, 10% and 15% HFC134a
A study assesses alternative mixtures to two pure hydrocarbon refrigerants
An article reviews more than 11,000 mixtures of refrigerants that could be interesting alternatives to pure R290 and R600a.
Heat pumps: an approach to select the highest performing refrigerant mixture
One of the most downloaded IJR articles in 2019 concludes that zeotropic mixtures have the potential to significantly improve both the thermodynamic and economic performance of heat pumps in suitable applications.
A new non-flammable mixture to boost the performance of CO2 systems
In a recent IJR article, researchers propose combining R744 with Dimethyl-ether (DME) to boost system performance while ensuring safety and low environmental impact, in a recent IJR...
Qatargas delivers first Q-Max LNG Cargo to China
Qatargas delivered its first Q-Max LNG cargo to China late 2011.Delivered on board the Q-Max vessel, Bu Samra, this was the first Qatari LNG Q-Max cargo delivered to PetroChina’s recently commissioned LNG receiving terminal at Rudong, Jiangsu...
New standards for “intelligent” ACs implemented in China
China implements new standard to officially define and set technological requirements for intelligent ACs. Additionally, a Chinese air-conditioning manufacturer is the first company in China to achieve a global...
China sets ambitious emission cuts for HFCs
China announced a short-term target for reducing emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by the equivalent of 0.28 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2015 – similar to the annual CO2 emissions of Spain.
The Indian government implements a default temperature setting on room air conditioners
The Indian Government has imposed a default temperature setting of 24 °C on room air conditioners with effect from January 1, 2020.
US and Canada: home appliance industry sets goal to eliminate use of HFCs
The home appliance manufacturing industry in the US and Canada has announced their goal to voluntarily phase down the use of HFC refrigerants used in household refrigerators and freezers after 2024.
A free guide for copper pipework support and routing
The IoR published a bulletin providing guidance on pipework support methods for copper pipework designed to contain refrigerant.
Viability of an absorption solar cooling system in an isolated school in Mexico
A recent IJR article presents a simulation of the operating strategies and the results of the first experiments following the installation of a solar thermal absorption air conditioning system, installed in an...
Refrigerant news: Mexichem
Mexichem intends to compete with DuPont and Honeywell in the development of a replacement refrigerant for HFC-134a in car air conditioning systems. The company, which in February 2010 bought the Ineos fluorochemicals unit, has announced...
Mexico
Mexico has ceased all production of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 4 years ahead of the deadline defined in the 1987 Montreal Protocol. Figuring amongst the 189 nations to date to ratify the protocol on ozone-depleting gases containing...
Canada and Mexico HFC policy strategy
During ATMOsphere America in Chicago in June 2016, Canadian and Mexican government representatives presented their HFC phase-down strategies.
IIR news
219 results
REAL Alternatives: blended Learning for Alternative Refrigerants
Last week the REAL Alternatives Europe programme partners met at IIR head offices to elaborate plans to translate the e-learning project into more languages.
Press Release: REAL Alternatives for LIFE project on blended learning for alternative refrigerants gets started
Financed by the EU's funding instrument for the environment and climate action, the REAL Alternatives for LIFE consortium met in June for the project kick-off meeting.
Obituary: Maxime Duminil
The IIR expresses its sincere condolences to the family and relatives of Maxime Duminil, who died at the age of 96.
Member news: Mexichem Fluor changes name to Koura
The Mexichem branch specialized in the development and manufacturing of fluorinated products changes its name to become Koura.
CLIM'ECO workshop in Guadeloupe with skipper Victor Jost
CLIM'ECO ambassador and Route du Rhum skipper Victor Jost arrived in Guadeloupe on 28th November. The next day, a CLIM'ECO workshop was organised by the SIGF (Guadeloupean refrigeration workers'...
News from IIR members: Kinarca
Kinarca obtains ISO 22000 certification for its gel-ice machine. Bureau Veritas Certification has certified that Kinarca's Food Security system applied to the design process, manufacturing assembly and maintenance of flo-ice machines is according...
News from IIR members: Alfa Laval wins € 6 million energy efficiency order in Kazakhstan
Alfa Laval – a world leader in heat transfer, centrifugal separation and fluid handling – recently won an order to supply Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers to a refinery in Kazakhstan.
India frozen vegetable market
According to a Bonafide Research report published in 2016, frozen vegetables market was 31% of the total frozen food market and is anticipated to increase further.
Opportunities: PhD Positions Available at nM2-Lab (Italy)
The research group at the Nanostructured Magnetic Materials Lab (nM2-Lab) is proposing several PhD positions in Rome and Genoa.
The IIR announces role in European "REAL Alternatives" programme.
The International of Refrigeration is pleased to announce its role in a new European learning programme “REAL Alternatives” that will address skills shortages amongst technicians working in the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump sector.
Discover the winners of the prestigious awards presented at the 51st HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition
Despite being organised under particular circumstances this year, the Congress maintained high interest from key refrigeration stakeholders across Europe.
Adaptation 2025: Detailed Programme Now Available
The detailed programme for the IIR International Conference on Refrigeration Adapting to Rising Temperatures (Adaptation 2025) is now available online.
Member News: New Intermarché Store in Central Paris Equipped with Epta’s “Integral” Refrigeration Systems
The integration of compact, self-contained refrigeration units demonstrates the adaptability of modern cooling technologies in urban and architecturally sensitive environments.
A sneak preview of ICR2015 Highlights
The 25th International Congress of Refrigeration ended on Saturday, August 22nd proving to be more successful than ever with 1186 conference delegates from 55 countries, 11 tracks and 900 sessions.
Uniting 23 countries for cryogenics progress: Highlights from the 2025 IIR Cryogenics Conference
Bringing together 138 participants from 23 countries, the 18th IIR Conference on Cryogenics was a successful event that highlighted the latest advancements in cryogenic technologies and...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
16 results
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
For IIR members only
Global cold storage capacity
This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).
Heat pump stock in Europe
This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Events
6 results
Other event
2026 Cryogenic Microscopy & Spectroscopy Workshop
March 23, 2026 - March 26, 2026
Brno, Czech (Republic)
Fostering cross‐disciplinary collaboration & innovation in cryogenics, electron microscopy, and spectroscopy.
Find out more
IIR event
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
September 16, 2026 - September 18, 2026
Xi'an, China
Call for abstracts is open! The 15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration...
Sponsored event
9th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue
July 12, 2026 - July 16, 2026
West Lafayette, IN, United States
A conference co-sponsored by the IIR Since 1972, Herrick Labs has hosted the premier international conferences on Compressor Engineering, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, and...
21st International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue
28th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue
