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IIR document

An improved approach to model compressors, condenser/gas cooler and their control system in refrigeration systems with R404A and R744 based on physical principles.

• Author(s) : SACASAS D., VEGA J., CUEVAS C., BORRAJO R.
• Publication date: 2023/09
• Languages :
• Keywords : Supermarket, R744, R404A, Booster, Compressor, Condenser, Gas cooler, Modelling
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 153
• Formats : PDF

Avaliação experimental do desempenho de um sistema de refrigeração cascata R744/R134a.

Experimental evaluation of the performance of R744/R134a cascade refrigeration system.

• Author(s) : QUEIROZ M. V. A., PANATO V. H., ANTUNES A. H. P., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/05/03
• Languages : Portuguese
• Keywords : R134a, R744, Cooling capacity, Supermarket, Performance, Cascade system, Expérimentation
• Source: CYTEF 2016. VIII Congreso Ibérico y VI Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Coimbra-Portugal, 3-6 mayo, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Análisis y evaluación experimental de un sistema en cascada R744/R290 empleando tres configuraciones de intercambiador intermedio.

Analysis and experimental evaluation of an R744/R290 cascade system using three heat exchanger configurations.

• Author(s) : ANDREU-NACHER A., CABELLO R., VIDAN-FALOMIR F., LARRONDO-SANCHO R., LLOPIS R., SÁNCHEZ D.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Cascade system, Propane, R290, CO2, R744, COP, Expérimentation
• Source: XI Congreso Ibérico y IX Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Análisis experimental de un sistema de subenfriamento en un ciclo simple de compresión de vapor usando R744 transcrítico.

Experimental analysis of a sub-cooling system in a single vapour compression cycle using transcritical R744.

• Author(s) : VIDAN-FALOMIR F., ANDREU-NACHER A., CABELLO R., LARRONDO-SANCHO R., LLOPIS R., SÁNCHEZ D.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Subcooling, CO2, R744, Expérimentation, Optimization, Gas cooler
• Source: XI Congreso Ibérico y IX Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

R744 cooling technology at ultra-low temperature.

• Author(s) : BLUST S., BARROCA P., HANF P., PETAGNA P., VERLAAT B., HAFNER A.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R744, Cascade system, Transcritical cycle, Simulation, CO2, Low temperature, Particle detector
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The R744 multi-ejector hybrid CFD and experimentally-based reduced-order model.

• Author(s) : HAIDA M., SMOLKA J., HAFNER A., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CFD, R744, Supermarket, Modelling, Ejector, CO2
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Adaptación de los ciclos de compresión de vapor con R744 para bombas de calor domésticas al clima español.

Adaptation of vapour compression cycles with R744 for domestic heat pumps in the Spanish climate.

• Author(s) : PARDIÑAS A. A., FERNANDEZ-SEARA J., BANTLE M., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/12
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Spain, R744, Compression system, Domestic heat pump, Performance, Modelling, High temperature, CO2, Climate
• Source: Frío Calor Aire acondicionado - n. 508
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

R744 modular refrigeration technology at -50℃.

• Author(s) : BLUST S., BARROCA P. A. C., PETAGNA P., HANF P., HAFNER A.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2, Particle detector, R744, Simulation, Modelling, Test room, Low temperature, Transcritical cycle, Electronics, Cascade system, Case study, Switzerland
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Mass flow characteristics and empirical modeling of R744 flow through electronic expansion device.

• Author(s) : LIU C., ZHANG J., GUI Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electronic expansion valve, Temperature, R744, Model, Pressure, Flow, CO2
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 86
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Performance investigation of a multi-ejector R744 heat pump.

• Author(s) : SIMARPREET S., AMSHITH R., PRAKASH M. P., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Hot water, Ejector system, Heat recovery, R744, Performance, India, Expérimentation, COP, Domestic water, CO2
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic performance evaluation of a cascade refrigeration system with mixed refrigerants: R744/R1270, R744/R717 and R744/RE170.

• Author(s) : PAROLIN MASSUCHETTO L. H., NASCIMENTO do R. B. C., ROCHA DE CARVALHO S. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, R1270, Re170, R744, R717, Simulation, Optimization, Cascade system, Mixture, Refrigerant, CO2
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 106
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Simulation and optimization of a R744 two- temperature supermarket refrigeration system with an ejector.

• Author(s) : HUANG Z., ZHAO H., YU Z., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R744, Supermarket, Simulation, Optimization, Ejector, Transcritical cycle, CO2, Hot climate
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 90
• Formats : PDF

Experimental comparison of a cascade refrigeration system operating with R744/R134a and R744/R404A.

• Author(s) : QUEIROZ M. V. A., PANATO V. H., ANTUNES A. H. P., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, Comparison, R744, R404A, Performance, Cascade system, Mixture, Expérimentation
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Optimización energética de los refrigerantes R152a, R1234yf, R290, R1270, R600a y R744, como alternativa al R134a en un armario de refrigeración vertical.

Energy optimisation of R152a, R1234yf, R290, R1270, R600a and R744 refrigerants as alternatives to R134a in a vertical refrigeration cabinet.

• Author(s) : SÁNCHEZ D., ANDREU-NACHER A., CALLEJA-ANTA D., NEBOT-ANDRÉS L., VIDAN-FALOMIR F., LLOPIS R., CABELLO R., LARRONDO-SANCHO R.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Display cabinet, R152a, R744, R290, R1234yf, R600a, R1270, Substitute, Energy consumption, Optimization, Expérimentation
• Source: XI Congreso Ibérico y IX Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Performance and operation limits of a Remote Ultra-Low Temperature R744 transcritical chiller.

• Author(s) : BARROCA P., HAFNER A., KUCZYNSKI K., HANF P., VERLAAT B.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R744, CO2, Performance, Transcritical cycle, Accelerator, Chiller, Low temperature, Design, Particle detector
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Alternatives to replace R404A for refrigerated transport

With about 5 million refrigerated vehicles operating worldwide, there is active research and development focusing on identifying alternatives to R404A, which is traditionally used in truck and trailer...

• Publication date : 2020/09/04
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Replacement of R404A in supermarkets

R404A is particularly targeted by the EU F-gas Regulation and many refrigerant producers announced important price rises. Various option can be considered to replace it.

• Publication date : 2017/12/12
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Honeywell tests new R404A replacement

Honeywell has been testing a new low-GWP refrigerant as a potential replacement for R404A in hermetically-sealed refrigeration systems

• Publication date : 2014/09/24

Supermarkets: retrofit of refrigerating systems from R404A to R449A

Two examples of retrofitting supermarket refrigerating systems from R404A to R449A.

• Publication date : 2017/08/09
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Refrigerated transport: R452A as a “drop-in” alternative to R404A

Two major transport refrigeration companies recently announced they will offer R452A as an alternative to R404A in their transport refrigeration units.

• Publication date : 2015/08/13
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New low GWP replacement for R404A in hermetically-sealed systems

A new lower GWP replacement for R404A, which blends an HFO and an HFC with a “natural” refrigerant is to be made commercially available next year.

• Publication date : 2015/12/06

Commercial refrigeration: marketing of R471A, a new alternative to R404A

Honeywell recently announced the marketing of R471A, a non-flammable refrigerant with a GWP under 150. It is expected to replace R404A in medium temperature commercial refrigeration...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Consequences of the EU F-Gas Regulation: uncertainty on the future availability of R404A

Anyone installing equipment with R404A now will probably have to retrofit to a lower GWP refrigerant in the next few years.

• Publication date : 2015/04/20
• Subjects: Regulation

US: R134a, R410A and R407C could be banned in chillers from 2025

AHRI and NRDC issue joint letter supporting EPA SNAP proposal to prohibit R134a, R410A and R407C in new chillers from 2025.

• Publication date : 2016/04/06
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Mexichem, DuPont and Honeywell announced new HFO-based alternatives for R404A and R134a

M. Cooper, sales manager for Mexichem, revealed in RAC the manufacturer’s offering for stationary refrigeration would be based on its AC5 refrigerant (R444A) which has been undergoing development as a mobile air-conditioning refrigerant....

• Publication date : 2014/01/31

CO2, one of the options for reducing the carbon footprint of refrigerated transport

Comparison of CO2 emissions from refrigerated transport units using R744 and HFC-134a and overview of solutions that could reduce the carbon footprint of this sector. 

• Publication date : 2024/03/28
• Subjects: Environment

Energy efficiency comparison of air-conditioning systems in electric vehicles

A study compares the energy efficiency of conventional refrigeration systems with that of heat pumps in mobile air conditioning. R744, R134a and R1234yf are considered. Reversible heat pumps are found the most energy-efficient systems.

• Publication date : 2019/02/28

A new non-flammable mixture to boost the performance of CO2 systems

In a recent IJR article, researchers propose combining R744 with Dimethyl-ether (DME) to boost system performance while ensuring safety and low environmental impact, in a recent IJR...

• Publication date : 2024/02/26
• Subjects: Technology

A reversible CO2 heat pump for electric buses

Valéo recently introduced a R744 heat pump to produce heating and air conditioning in electric buses.

• Publication date : 2019/11/29

Latest news on HFCs alternatives

R470A, R470B, R466: What applications and what features for these new non-flammable refrigerants?

• Publication date : 2019/12/30

INDEE+ Project: Norwegian R744 condensing units arrived in India for educational purposes

Three R744 condensing units were sent to India by Prof. Armin Hafner (NTNU, Norway)  to educate Indian institutions, end-users and vendors on clean cooling technologies, with the aim of helping India meet...

• Publication date : 2021/12/15

INDEE+: Focus on the two-day workshop “Hotel Decarbonisation using R744 Heat Pump/chiller” organised in April

A two-day workshop titled “Hotel Decarbonisation using R744 Heat Pump/chiller” was organised on 26-27 April 2024 at Antarim Resorts, Goa. The technical session was followed by a demonstration of the R744 HP/C...

• Publication date : 2024/05/28

IIR member news: Carrier Transicold

Carrier Transicold, major transport refrigeration company, will offer R452A as an optional alternative to R404A.

• Publication date : 2015/04/23
• Subjects: Regulation

Three educational and awareness-raising events within the framework of INDEE+ project in 2021

For the INDEE+ project, the end of the year 2021 was marked by several educational events aiming to raise awareness of the application of clean cooling systems offered by the CO2/R744 refrigeration...

• Publication date : 2022/01/28

Member news : Danfoss launches thermostatic expansion valve for CO2

Danfoss has recently launched a thermostatic expansion valve for CO2, based on its TE2 valve. It is suitable for small to medium size remote refrigeration systems such as cold rooms and display...

• Publication date : 2022/10/27

An article from the IJR on the state of the art of CO2

An article published by NTNU and SINTEF in the International Journal of Refrigeration summarises several researches on current and future "CO2 only" solutions for supermarket applications.

• Publication date : 2018/10/18

INDEE+ in ACREX

Last month, INDEE+ participated in the 23rd edition of ACREX India in Delhi, focused on the theme “Powering Global HVAC Supply Chain”.

• Publication date : 2024/03/27

News from IIR members: Alfa Laval

Alfa Laval is providing solutions for the fast-expanding CO2 market and has launched two new brazed heat exchanger models designed for transcritical CO2 systems for transport refrigeration, commercial refrigeration and heat-pump applications. The...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

News from IIR members: Bitzer

In 2009, Bitzer Brazil inaugurated the first CO2 Technology & Training Centre for North and South America. Installed in Sao Paulo, the centre provides training covering safety, design, installation, commissioning, servicing and maintenance....

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Conference update: Sydney

The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia on, April 12-14, 2010. The conference will place a heavy emphasis on natural refrigerant CO2 as a real alternative solution....

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

INDEE+ Seminar at REFCOLD 2022

The first INDEE+ seminar gathering all the project partners and key Indian stakeholders took place at REFCOLD 2022 in Ahmedabad (Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India).  

• Publication date : 2023/01/26

March 2023: An active communication and awareness campaign for INDEE+

March 2023 was marked by a series of communication events for INDEE+, gathering all project partners and key Indian HVAC&R stakeholders in India.

• Publication date : 2023/04/26
• Subjects: Developing country

15th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference, June 13-15, 2022: the detailed programme is now available!

The detailed program of the 15th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants is now available online.

• Publication date : 2022/05/16
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Member news: Automated order-pickup kiosks use containers from Carrier Transicold

Member news: grocery kiosks are being set up in Estonia. The CO2 refrigeration system is supplied by Carrier Transicold. 

• Publication date : 2021/04/29

The Mostra Convegno exhibition

In March 2018 the IIR participated in one of the biggest exhibitions on refrigeration technologies, Mostra Convegno, which took place, as always, in Milan.

• Publication date : 2018/04/19

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs