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IIR document

Cryogenic components for a superconducting DC-rail.

• Author(s) : ZERWECK U., KUHN M., KADE A., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

High efficient desiccant coated heat exchanger based heat pump for rail transport decarbonization.

• Author(s) : SHAO Z., WANG Z. G., GE T. S., WANG R. Z.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Dehumidification, Rail transport, Air conditioning, Desiccant, Heat exchanger, Heat pump, COP, Expérimentation, Prototype, Performance
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Protecting perishable foods during transport by truck and rail

• Author(s) : BRECHT J. K., SARGENT S. A., BRECHT P. E., SAENZ J., RODOWICK L.
• Publication date: 2019
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Rail transport, Road transport, Refrigerated transport, Packaging, Controlled atmosphere, Fruit, Vegetable, Meat, Regulations, Dairy product, Compatibility, Frozen food

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Leaked refrigerant distribution around rail vehicle.

• Author(s) : KUMAR A., NAYANAR KOZHUKKILIDATHIL H., SOUKUP M., ANDRYS J., CERMÁK R.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R454C, Leakage, Flammability, Safety, Fire, Rail vehicle, Rail transport, CFD
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Eco-friendly, energy- and cost-efficient A/C system with heat pump functionality using R744 for rail applications.

• Author(s) : SCHRANK P., RAUCH A., PRESETSCHNIK A., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Rail transport, R744, Austria, Heat pump, Case study, Testing, Air conditioning, CO2
• Source: 8^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, Avril 11-13, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Railway Engineering: A Review.

• Author(s) : XU Z., ZHAO N., HILLMANSEN S., ROBERTS C., YAN Y.
• Publication date: 2022/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Hydrogen, Storage, Rail transport, Cost, Ammonia, Cryogenics, Thermodynamic property, Liquid, Liquefied gas, Review
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - n. 17
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

R744 train HVAC unit.

• Author(s) : HAFNER A., BANASIAK K., BOECK L.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Global warming, Ejector system, Rail transport, R744, Simulation, Performance, Mobile air conditioning
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

A review on present and forthcoming opportunities with natural working fluids in transport refrigeration.

• Author(s) : MINETTO S., FABRIS F., MARINETTI S., ROSSETTI A.
• Publication date: 2023/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerated transport, Thermal energy storage, Review, Road transport, Sea transport, Air transport, Rail transport, R717, R744, Hydrocarbon, Container, Substitute
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 152
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Multi-objective design optimization of a rail HVAC CO2 cycle.

• Author(s) : LUGER C., RIEBERER R.
• Publication date: 2018/08
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 92
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Natural working fluids in transport refrigeration.

• Author(s) : MINETTO S.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerated transport, Air transport, Intermodal transport, Sea transport, Road transport, Container, CO2, Ammonia, Air cycle, Thermal energy storage, Regulations, Rail transport, R744, Hydrocarbon
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study on spray cooling characteristics of dry ice particles for IGBT in high-speed trains.

• Author(s) : NING J., REN Z., SUN L., SONG Z., ZHU S., GAO X.
• Publication date: 2024/01
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 157
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Enhancing CO2 supermarket refrigeration efficiency by raising the medium-evaporation temperature through zero-superheat operation.

• Author(s) : LLOPIS R., MARTINEZ-ANGELES M.
• Publication date: 2026/01
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 181
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

2-circuit latent heat storage for waste heat utilization in fuel cell railcars: concept, design and experimental investigations.

• Author(s) : MOENCH S., MEY S., LEHMAN M., GARACK O., SCHOTT M., KAUER B., RICHTER L., SCHLOTT A., SCHUBERT V.
• Publication date: 2024/05/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : PCM, Simulation, Expérimentation, Rail vehicle, Rail transport, Mobile air conditioning, Design
• Source: 14^th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Proceedings:  Paris France, May 29-31, 2024.
• Formats : PDF

Feasibility study of superconducting power cables for DC electric railway feeding systems in view of thermal condition at short circuit accident.

• Author(s) : KUMAGAI D., OHSAKI H., TOMITA M.
• Publication date: 2016/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Superconducting cable, Rail transport, Power, Modelling
• Source: Cryogenics - vol. 80

Supersmart: expertise hub for a market uptake of energy-efficient supermarkets by awareness raising, knowledge transfer and pre-preparation of an EU Ecolabel.

• Author(s) : CICONKOV S.
• Publication date: 2017/12/06
• Languages : English
• Source: 48^th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition.
• Formats : PDF

Reefer trains might redefine the refrigerated transport industry

Two examples of reefer trains in Europe.

• Publication date : 2017/07/19

UK: frozen food could contribute to food security

A BFFF report concluded that by increasing frozen food consumption, the UK could reduce food waste, boost food affordability and lessen the environmental impact of food, all of which would subsequently contribute to improved food security.

• Publication date : 2015/09/28

Refrigerant blends may offer alternative to R134a

Research released by SAE provide further evidence that Mexichem Fluor's refrigerant blends AC5 and AC6 could offer EU regulation compliant alternatives to R134a in automotive air conditioning.

• Publication date : 2013/12/20
• Subjects: Regulation

New advance in cryopreservation could make blood preservation more practical

It’s already possible to cryopreserve human red blood cells in the presence of 40 percent glycerol, but is rarely done because of the time-consuming process to thaw and remove the glycerol from the blood.

• Publication date : 2015/05/12

8 countries may exceed US in air-conditioning use

If the rest of the world adopts the same AC usage patterns found in the US, 8 developing countries have the potential to surpass the American yardstick of high air-conditioning use.

• Publication date : 2014/04/01

US: LNG exports expected to drive growth in natural gas trade

The United States is expected to become a net exporter of natural gas by 2018.

• Publication date : 2017/06/28

Cryogenics and 3D-printing techniques could allow the replication of human tissues

A team of researchers from Imperial College London have developed a new technique which could allow the replication of human brain and lung tissue and regenerate damaged parts.

• Publication date : 2018/03/22

UK: 50% of refrigeration plant end-users might not comply with F-Gas requirements

Many equipment owners believe that because they have a maintenance contract with an F-gas registered service company, they are fully covered in terms of F-gas compliance.

• Publication date : 2015/11/19
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

Fast growing HFC levels could undermine climate benefits of the Montreal Protocol

A WMO-UNEP report stresses that climate benefits of the Montreal Protocol could be offset significantly by projected emissions of HFCs used to replace ozone depleting substances.

• Publication date : 2014/11/12
• Subjects: Environment, General information, HFCs alternatives

World sales of refrigerated display cases to grow over 4% annually

According to a new market research published by Freedonia, world demand for display cases is expected to increase by 4.2% per year through 2020 to USD 7.0 billion.

• Publication date : 2016/11/17

Inadequate office temperature may cost the UK economy 15,7bn € annually

A new survey suggests around 2% of office hours are wasted due to the temperature alone, potentially costing the UK economy an estimated €15,7bn annually.

• Publication date : 2014/04/23

World air conditioning fastest growing markets from 2015 to 2020

These figures are extracted from BSRIA slides presented during Chillventa 2016.

• Publication date : 2016/11/23
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Air conditioning in every NYC classroom by 2022

The city officially announced a USD 28.75 million initiative to install air conditioners in every NYC classroom over the next five years.

• Publication date : 2017/11/10

India: increased investment in the cold chain could reduce food losses and cut CO2 emissions.

Roughly 18% of fruits and vegetables are wasted each year due to the lack of post-harvest storage infrastructure.

• Publication date : 2017/03/14

The race to design individual cooling devices

Cooling individuals would be less energy-consuming and a lot cheaper than cooling entire buildings. Based on that principle, companies, start-ups, and researchers are racing to build wearable devices that can act like mini air-conditioning...

• Publication date : 2020/02/06

Briefs: Obituaries

Prof. Josef Ota, member of the International Advisory Board of the International Journal of Refrigeration, of the board of Chalzeni a klimatizace (a Czech journal of refrigeration and air conditioning) and member of Commission B1, Associate...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Obituaries: Andrzej Stera

Dr Andrzej Stera, former Head of Section D and President of Commission D2, died suddenly while on his way from the UK to a shipping event in Sydney. Andrzej Stera had a long career with Lloyd’s Register of Shipping and played a key role in a...

• Publication date : 2011/05/20

Obituaries: Wilbert F. Stoecker

Wilbert F. Stoecker died in September 2010. Will was a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Illinois, where he taught for 36 years. He received numerous awards, including the E.K. Campbell Award in 1973, the F. Paul Anderson...

• Publication date : 2011/05/20

Policy brief available to download: Developing the cold chain in the agrifood sector in sub-Saharan Africa

A focus on the importance of the cold chain in reducing post-harvest losses

• Publication date : 2016/02/17

The importance of heat pump data for policymaking: Insights from the IEA workshop

On January 23, the IIR participated in the workshop “The importance of heat pump data for policymaking and innovation,” organised by the IEA in Paris.

• Publication date : 2025/01/29
• Subjects: Technology, General information, Regulation

Focus on Shecco's Virtual Trade Show, the IoR annual conference and the 13th IEA Heat Pump Conference

Focus on the latest events in which the IIR has been involved. 

• Publication date : 2021/04/29

The International Congress of Refrigeration 2019 goes to Montreal

IIR congresses bring together over a thousand people from a wide variety of disciplines who are interested in the evolution of technologies, research, and markets in all fields of refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2017/09/27

Healthcare drones: Countless advantages for a healthier society

With the objective of making it possible for those who require urgent healthcare supplies delivered as often and as regularly as necessary, various companies are now pushing the possibilities of exploiting drones to deliver healthcare supplies...

• Publication date : 2017/03/22

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 26

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 26th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 26) in...

• Publication date : 2021/11/15
• Subjects: Environment

The Cold Chain: A logistical challenge at the heart of the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine 

Gérald Cavalier - President of the Science and Technology Council of the International Institute of Refrigeration, President of the French Association of Refrigeration, President of the Cemafroid...

• Publication date : 2020/11/23
• Subjects: Technology, General information

IIR WRD 2025 Press Release : Countries urged to establish national refrigeration committees to tackle food, health, animals and climate challenges

Drawing on the outcomes of the WRD 2025 high-level event held on 18 June, the IIR calls for coordinated national action towards sustainable, equitable refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2025/06/26

IIR member news: Excess heat is the largest untapped energy source

In a whitepaper, IIR Benefactor member Danfoss highlights the vast untapped potential of excess heat as a source of energy.

• Publication date : 2023/03/27

Member news: Daikin equips the cooling system of Norway’s largest data centre

Daikin enhances the energy efficiency of Norway’s largest data centre with a full range of cooling equipment. 

• Publication date : 2025/03/19

2026 Herrick Conferences Deliver a Week of High‑Impact Research and Global Collaboration

The 2026 Herrick Conferences at Purdue University (West Lafayette, USA) concluded last week as a resounding hybrid success, bringing together more than 660 attendees–including over 170...

• Publication date : 2026/07/22
• Subjects: General information

Gustav Lorentzen conference 2022

After two years of pandemic during which the conferences were either cancelled or held online, the IIR had the pleasure of organising a conference on site, in Norway. It was attended by 332 participants. The...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, Hydrocarbons

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Ice creams

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics