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  • Passive cooling by combining evaporation, radiation and insulation

    ICER, a new passive cooling technique, can extend food shelf life by 40% in humid climates and 200% in dry climates with low water-refilling frequences. 

    • Publication date : 2022/10/27
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  • Liquid nitrogen spray to clean spacesuits

    Researchers from Washington State University developed a liquid nitrogen spray to remove moon dust from a space suit, potentially solving what is a significant challenge for future...

    • Publication date : 2023/03/27
    • Subjects: Technology
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    Astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the moon

  • A laser beam which cools liquids

    The first laser refrigeration process was demonstrated in vacuum conditions in 1995. Twenty years later, a team from University of Washington explains in a study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, how a laser can...

    • Publication date : 2016/05/17
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  • African AC market begins to shine.

    Air conditioner exports from China to Africa increased by 19% in the first half of 2016.

    • Publication date : 2017/03/02
    • Subjects: Figures, economy
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  • Pre-cooling of apples using spraying systems more efficient

    Cooling apples using a spraying system proves faster, better and cheaper!

    • Publication date : 2013/09/30
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  • Spray freeze-drying technique for the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products

    Some biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines have a short shelf life and must be handled with care. A recent literature review presents the spray freeze-drying technique as an interesting option for optimising the...

    • Publication date : 2020/12/14
    • Subjects: Technology
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  • Out of ordinary: Ötzi’s curse?

    Ötzi's curse? Tests run on Ötzi the iceman, the world's oldest and best-preserved mummy, show signs of decomposition. X-rays show grey spots on one knee, indicating gas formation caused by bacteria. The South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in...

    • Publication date : 2006/01/28
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  • Out of the ordinary: Robots pack frozen food

    In continuation of its range of "Ready to Pack" modules and machines, Cermex has just developed a new version of a wrap-around case packer. Presented at Interpack 2008 the robots load cartons or flow-packed aluminium trays of frozen food either...

    • Publication date : 2009/02/25
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  • Briefs: A CO2 secondary refrigerant system to test icebreakers

    Travelling through the North Pole's ice-capped seas could reduce sea transport distances between Hamburg and Osaka, Japan, or Shanghai, China, for instance, by more than 4000 nautical miles, thus allowing for great time and financial savings. The...

    • Publication date : 2009/02/25
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  • Alternative Cooling Technologies conference, London, 1st February 2005

    This conference, which was co-sponsored by the UK Institute of Refrigeration and organised commercially by RAC magazine, was well attended with about 140 people present. It was arranged in five sessions. In the first session, speakers from UK...

    • Publication date : 2005/02/11
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  • 100th anniversary of psychrometrics

    The formula which underpins the relationship between temperature, humidity and dew point - the basis of all air conditioning calculations - marks its 100th anniversary.

    • Publication date : 2011/12/28
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  • Briefs: Obituary

    Prof. Boris Adolfovitch Minkus died on February 12, 2004. Aged almost 100, Prof. Minkus was a founder of and taught at the Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration (Ukraine). He was a renowned specialist in the field of absorption refrigeration. He...

    • Publication date : 2004/04/28
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  • Out of ordinary

    Residents of Harbin, China, are not daunted by their long, cold winters. Instead they celebrate by holding the Harbin Snow and Ice Festival. Organized annually since 1985, the festival draws over a million tourists every winter. Teams of sculptors...

    • Publication date : 2005/06/14
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  • CERN’s 50th anniversary

    On October 19, 2004, CERN (Centre Européen de Recherche Nucléaire: European Organization for Nuclear Research) will officially celebrate its 50th anniversary in a ceremony to be attended by the Spanish, French and Swiss Heads of State, along with...

    • Publication date : 2004/11/19
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  • Events: Cemagref’s anniversary

    Cemagref, a French agricultural and environmental engineering research organization and benefactor member of the IIR is 25 years old and held a lecture and ceremony at the Ministry of Research in Paris on October 10, 2006 to mark the occasion....

    • Publication date : 2006/11/15
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  • Obituary: Raymond Cohen

    Raymond Cohen, who was Herrick Laboratories Professor Emeritus and a long-time contributor to IIR activities, passed away at the age of 96.

    • Publication date : 2020/10/22
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  • Obituary: Anders Lindborg

    Anders Lindborg, honorary member of the IIR and President of IIR Commission D1 from 1993 until 1996, died on September 25, 2012.

    • Publication date : 2012/10/25
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  • Obituary

    The former Managing Director of Frigoscandia AB, Per-Oskar Persson of Helsingborg, Sweden, died on August 26, 2008 at the age of 84. He was an Honorary Member of the IIR and former President of Commission D1, 1971-1979, and Head of Section D...

    • Publication date : 2008/10/25
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  • Brief: Obituary

    The IIR was deeply saddened to learn that Dr Josko Simoncic died on December 31, 2004 at the age of 90. He was for many years Delegate of Yugoslavia to the IIR. He was Professor at Belgrade University and a member of IIR Commission V (Cold Storage...

    • Publication date : 2005/02/11
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  • Briefs: Obituary

    Dr P. Ole Fanger, Senior Professor at the International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy at the Technical University of Denmark, died on September 18, 2006, at the age of 72. He was considered as the world's leading expert on the effect of...

    • Publication date : 2006/11/15
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  • Briefs: 100th Anniversary Video

    IIR producing 100th Anniversary Video: have you got any interesting material? To highlight its centennial in 2008, the IIR is now producing a short video celebrating the IIR and refrigeration research around the world. A small segment of the video...

    • Publication date : 2007/05/04
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  • International Dictionary of Refrigeration

    A new International Dictionary of Refrigeration has just been published! The first volume off the press is the English-French version in the IIR's official languages, English and French, comprising about 4400 terms with their definitions. This...

    • Publication date : 2007/11/20
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  • Brief: IOR's Anniversary

    Over 900 persons attended the UK Institute of Refrigeration (IOR)'s 106th Anniversary Dinner which was held on February 8, 2006 at Grosvenour House Hotel, London, appropriately in the ballroom, a former ice skating rink. In his speech, the...

    • Publication date : 2006/05/05
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  • Obituary: Prof Mattarolo

    Professor Fredolino (Lino) Mattarolo, who died on Friday, September 17 at the age of 90, was not only a renowned scientist in Italy where he received the prestigious Premio cultura Città di Bassano in 2000, but was also highly thought of in...

    • Publication date : 2011/02/07
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  • Obituary: Mr Ernst

    The IIR wishes to express its sympathy to the family and relatives of Mr Claude Ernst. For over 7 years, Mr Ernst took part in the selection and indexation of articles for the Fridoc database. His understanding of several European...

    • Publication date : 2011/02/07
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  • Obituary: Per-Oskar Persson

    The former Managing Director of Frigoscandia AB, Per-Oskar Persson of Helsingborg, Sweden passed away on August 26, 2008, at the age of 84. He was an Honorary Member of IIR, President of Commission D1, 1971 - 1979, and Head of Section D 1979 -...

    • Publication date : 2008/09/29
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  • HARFKO and KRAIA’s anniversary

    The 7th HARFKO, organized by KRAIA (Korea Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Industry Association) was held in Seoul on May 25-27, 2005 and attracted 160 exhibitors and visitors from 20 countries. Myriam Armengaud and Susan Phalippou ran the IIR's...

    • Publication date : 2005/07/19
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  • Obituary: Prof. Dr Helmut Knapp

    Prof. Dr Helmut Knapp, Honorary Member of the IIR and former President of IIR Commission A3 (Liquefaction and Separation of Gases) from 1979 to 1987, died at the age of 86. The IIR extends its sympathy to the families of Prof. van Paassen and...

    • Publication date : 2009/12/09
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  • Obituary: Prof. Dr. José Antonio Muñoz-Delgado Ortiz

    Prof. Dr. José Antonio Muñoz-Delgado Ortiz, Honorary President of the IIR, died in April 2013.

    • Publication date : 2013/08/18
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  • International Dictionary of Refrigeration: Spanish now!

    The Spanish-English-French: Terms volume of the International Dictionary of Refrigeration was published recently. It comprises 4400 terms in Spanish along with the terms in English and French. The layout is the same as that of the basic...

    • Publication date : 2009/08/13
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  • Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

    Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

    • Last update : 2023/03/10
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information
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  • Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

    The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

    • Last update : 2023/11/07
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs
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  • Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

    In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

    • Last update : 2022/09/16
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)
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  • Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

    • Last update : 2023/06/23
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : LNG and LPG
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  • Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

    Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

    • Last update : 2023/01/16
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Fruit, Vegetables
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  • Hydrocarbon refrigerants

    Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

    • Last update : 2022/06/22
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction
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  • Nanorefrigerants

    Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English, French
    • Themes : Nanofluids
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  • For IIR members only

    Global cold storage capacity

    This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

    • Last update : 2021/12/06
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO
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  • Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends
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  • Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

    Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

    • Last update : 2023/09/15
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : HFCs
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  • Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

    From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

    • Last update : 2023/06/30
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Ice creams
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  • Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

    This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

    • Last update : 2022/11/17
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)
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  • Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

    This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

    • Last update : 2022/01/20
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)
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See all results in the Encyclopedia of Refrigeration