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IIR document

Experimental investigation of chilling tank for atlantic salmon.

• Author(s) : WIDELL K. N., NORDTVEDT T. S., TOLSTOREBROV I., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/04/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food industry, Temperature, Tank, Cooling, Salmon, Norway, Expérimentation
• Source: 5^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Beijing, Chine, 6-8 avril 2018
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Optimizing thermal storage tanks containing PCMs.

• Author(s) : HOOMAN K.
• Publication date: 2021/09/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal energy storage, Tank, PCM, Optimization, Melting, Thermal conductivity, Modelling, Fin, Design
• Source: 13^rd IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Proceedings: (online) Vicenza, Italy, September 1-3, 2021.
• Formats : PDF

A perturbation model for stratified thermal energy storage tanks.

• Author(s) : VOTYAKOV E. V., BONANOS A. M.
• Publication date: 2014/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Stratification, Tank, Energy storage, Model, Thermal energy storage
• Source: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer - vol. 75

IIR document

Inventory of LNG terminals with vacuum insulated tanks.

• Author(s) : KRAL M.
• Publication date: 2019/05/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Calculation, Methane carrier terminal, Vacuum, Tank, Modelling, LNG, Insulation, Cryogenics
• Source: Cryogenics 2019. Proceedings of the 15^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 8-11, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

A novel hybrid storage system integrating a packed-bed thermocline tank and a two-tank storage system for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants.

• Author(s) : JU X., XU C., WEI G., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/01/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Tank, Performance, Modelling, Solar energy, Waste heat, Thermal energy storage
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 92

Simulink based transient modeling of a flash tank vapor injection system and experimental validation.

• Author(s) : BHANOT V., LING J., AUTE V., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Operation, Vapour, Tank, Performance, Modelling, Injection
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamics of freezing water inside a self-pressurizing elastic tank and its departure from isochoric condition.

• Author(s) : ROMERO MENDEZ R., PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ F. G., SEN M.
• Publication date: 2024/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, Tank, Pressure, Model, Freezing, Calculation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 165
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Optimizing design and operation of chilling tank for Atlantic salmon.

• Author(s) : WIDELL K. N., NORDTVEDT T. S., TOLSTOREBROV I., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Measurement, Heat transfer, Design, Temperature, Tank, Chilling, Salmon, Testing, Flow, Sea water
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study on thermal stress of cryogenic tank during different cool down process.

• Author(s) : HOA C., BONNE F., ROUSSEL P., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Liquid nitrogen, Nozzle, Tank, Filling, Aluminium, Expérimentation, Cryogenics, Distribution
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Influence of gravity level on the self-pressurization performance of large scale cryogenic storage tank.

• Author(s) : LIU Z., LI Y.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Gravity, CFD, Liquid, Tank, Storage, Model, Hydrogen, Cryogenics
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Dynamic investigation of thermal behavior in a hot water storage tank.

• Author(s) : YANG R., ZHENG B., LIANG X., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Water heater, Hot water, CFD, Temperature, Tank, Air-source system, Heat pump, Heating
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

A simplified method for modeling the thermal performance of storage tanks containing PCMs.

• Author(s) : BELMONTE J. F., EGUÍA P., MOLINA A. E., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/02/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Tank, Performance, Modelling, Material, Change of phase, Thermal energy storage
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 95

Linked modelling of heat pump water heater vapor compression system and water tank.

• Author(s) : SHAH T., HRNJAK P.
• Publication date: 2014/07/14
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Hot water, Tank, Compression system, Simulation, Heat pump, Performance, Modelling, Condenser, Heating
• Source: 2014 Purdue Conferences. 15th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Experimental study of gas-solid overall heat transfer coefficient in vertical tank for sinter waste heat recovery.

• Author(s) : FENG J., DONG H., GAO J., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/02/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat transfer coefficient, Tank, Heat recovery, Nusselt, Expérimentation
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 95

Sequential management of optimally-designed thermal storage tanks for multi-energy district boilers.

• Author(s) : LABIDI M., EYNARD J., FAUGEROUX O., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Economy, Management, Boiler, Design, Tank, Energy efficiency, District heating, Thermal energy storage
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 73 - n. 1

NASA tests on composite cryotank successful

NASA recently completed a complex series of tests on one of the largest composite cryogenic fuel tanks ever manufactured,

• Publication date : 2015/03/17

Instant milk-cooling system utilising propane and either ice slurry or traditional ice bank

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). Two novel milk-cooling concepts have been designed and installed at two Danish farms. These systems have a respective capacity of 14 400 and 16 000 litres of...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

Water desalination thanks to freezing

A new desalination process involving freezing has been developed and offers an alternative to the shortcomings of other technologies such as distillation or inverted osmosis.

• Publication date : 2013/08/30

Briefs: Africa's first bio-bank

South Africa's first bio-bank, a cold storage facility where samples from HIV clinical trials and other diseases can be stored for years to support future medical research, was launched recently. The state-of-the-art facility in Johannesburg is...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Briefs: first bank of coral cells

US scientists have created the first bank of frozen coral cells, intended to preserve endangered coral species in Hawaii and protect their diversity. The bank so far contains frozen sperm and embryonic cells from mushroom coral and rice...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

The Gallic cock saved thanks to cryogenics

The Gallic cock, of the Gauloise dorée breed, one of the most ancient French animal breeds, and France's national symbol, was gradually disappearing. Only 200 individuals, kept by amateur breeders, were left. One of the characteristics of this...

• Publication date : 2005/01/12

Energy storage thanks to refrigeration

Electrical energy is notoriously difficult to store, especially on a large scale and this can be particularly problematical when dealing with irregular sources such as wind power for which there can be a great mismatch between energy supply and...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Capturing CO2 thanks to refrigeration

Intensive research into capturing the CO2 created in fossil-fuel-based electricity production has been carried out for several years by Alstom. One of the technologies used is post-combustion separation using a solvent (amine or chilled ammonia)....

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

Storing energy thanks to cryocooled air

A new type of energy-storage process that can operate on a large scale.

• Publication date : 2012/11/29

Saving water thanks to air conditioning

Two Houston Universities are tapping into the city’s air-conditioning (AC) systems to conserve water in the midst of a historic drought.

• Publication date : 2011/12/13

Recycling greenhouse gases thanks to cryogenics

A new technology, developed and patented by ABB, enables comprehensive recycling of contaminated sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas by using an energy-efficient cryogenic process.

• Publication date : 2012/10/01

Briefs: Losing weight thanks to cooling?

Could cold temperatures become a way to lose weight? Three recent studies underline the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in burning fat to produce heat and regulate body temperature. Human adults were previously thought to be lacking BAT. All...

• Publication date : 2009/08/13

Saving the Iberian lynx thanks to cryopreservation

IZW scientists developed a method for cryopreserving oocytes and embryos of wild cat species.

• Publication date : 2013/09/23

ICR2011 highlights: improving insulation thanks to vacuum

Vacuum insulated panels (VIPs) are a new technology which is theoretically 5 times less conductive than classic polyurethane panels (3 times less in practice because of the various thermal bridges).

• Publication date : 2012/01/05

Briefs: Water savings thanks to hybrid condensers

Hybrid condensers offer significant water savings versus traditional water-cooled and evaporative condensers. They also make it possible to reduce energy consumption and refrigerant charge. In Australia, where water savings are a major issue since...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

New IIR publication: Serving the Needs of Mankind: a History of Refrigeration

This 40-minute DVD produced for the 21 st IIR International Congress of Refrigeration held in Washington DC in August 2003 retraces the history of refrigeration from prehistoric times to today and touches on future challenges and potential...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

World Bank project in Bangladesh

The IIR has just signed an agreement with the World Bank to develop a cold chain, as sustainable as possible of course, in Bangladesh, in partnership with British and Bangladeshi universities. 

• Publication date : 2021/03/29
• Subjects: Developing country

The IIR with the World Bank in West Bengal

The IIR is a key partner in the World Bank’s project on the Inland Waterways Transport (IWT) integration into the cold chain in West Bengal 

• Publication date : 2021/09/07

IIR Congress 2023: You can submit an abstract again thanks to the session on “Work in Progress & Innovations”

Here’s your chance to submit an abstract to the innovative session on “Work in progress & Innovations” at the 26th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration 2023. Submit an abstract from...

• Publication date : 2022/10/26
• Subjects: Technology, Environment, General information

Watch our side event at COP27

COP27 will mark the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

• Publication date : 2022/10/25
• Subjects: Environment

IIR member news: Innocold

The largest LNG terminal in Europe is under construction in Dunkerque, France.

• Publication date : 2014/08/27

IIR member news: Linde

BOC, subsidiary company of the Linde Group, launches its innovative technology in refrigerated transport.

• Publication date : 2015/06/17

Download the latest technical papers from the IIR Cryogenics Conference

Held on 8-11 April this year, the 15th IIR Cryogenics Conference welcomed over 120 guests from more than 22 countries.

• Publication date : 2019/07/02

IIR member news: Cemafroid, IRSTEA and AFCE

A new study on the containment of refrigerants has been launched with the aim of identifying and promoting best practices in this regard.

• Publication date : 2015/10/07

IIR at COP29 in Baku: Week 1 in review

The first week of COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, brought together global leaders, scientists, and industry stakeholders to tackle pressing climate issues. Among the key participants, the...

• Publication date : 2024/11/17

Press release: The International Institute of Refrigeration appoints Professor Judith Evans as new president of Commission C2

The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is proud to announce the appointment of Judith Evans, Professor at London South Bank University, as the new president of IIR Commission C2 on food science and engineering.

• Publication date : 2016/07/12

New president of IIR Commission C2 on food science and engineering

The IIR is proud to announce the appointment of Judith Evans, Professor at London South Bank University, as the new president of IIR Commission C2 on food science and engineering.

• Publication date : 2016/07/06

Available - New IIR publication: Technological options for retail refrigeration

Written by several experts from the acclaimed London South Bank University (UK), the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is proud to present the “Technological options for retail refrigeration”.

• Publication date : 2018/11/22

A look back at the IIR's presence at the Interclima trade fair

A big thank you to everyone who visited our stand at Interclima 2024! 

• Publication date : 2024/10/25

Open Access Gold, an innovative partnership between the IIR and Elsevier

The world of research more accessible than ever thanks to the Open Access Gold offer in the International Journal of Refrigeration!

• Publication date : 2022/06/08
• Subjects: General information

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers