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IIR document

Materials and components in cryogenic distillation.

• Author(s) : BRAD S., LAZAR A., VIJULIE M., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/06/22
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Safety, Tritium, Deuterium, Seedling, Material, Cryogenics, Distillation, Component
• Source: 1^st IIR International Conference of Cryogenics and Refrigeration Technology (ICCRT 2016). Proceedings: Bucharest, Romania, June 22-25, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Cryogenic components for a superconducting DC-rail.

• Author(s) : ZERWECK U., KUHN M., KADE A., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Superconduction, Pulse tube, Direct current, Design, Cryocooler, Cryogenics, Component
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

An investigation on the component efficiencies of a small two-phase ejector.

• Author(s) : WANG X., YU J.
• Publication date: 2016/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Two-phase flow, R600a, Small scale, Performance, Modelling, Expérimentation, Ejector, Component
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 71
• Formats : PDF

Theoretical investigation of two-phase cooling cycles for electronic components in more-electric aircraft.

• Author(s) : KRAMER T., NOZINSKI M., XU Y., THOMAS C., KABEL S.
• Publication date: 2024/07/17
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cooling, Electronic component, Aircraft, Heat exchanger, Thermodynamic cycle, Evaporation, Heat flux
• Source: 2024 Purdue Conferences. 20^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Identification of deteriorated components in an air separation plant and evaluating their impact on overall performance through steady state simulation.

• Author(s) : ROHIT S., KANCHAN C.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Energy consumption, Deterioration, Air, Simulation, Separation, Cryogenics, Component
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

World heat pumps and key components.

• Author(s) : JARN
• Publication date: 2016/08/25
• Languages : English
• Source: JARN - n. 571-S

Recommended by the IIR

Safety standards and components for flammable refrigerants.

• Author(s) : ASERCOM
• Publication date: 2019/05
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Multi-component numerical investigation of a micro Organic Rankine Cycle.

• Author(s) : FADIGA F., CASARI N., SUMAN A., PINELLI M., ZIVIANI D.
• Publication date: 2020/07/31
• Languages : English
• Source: IIR Rankine Conference 2020.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A numerical framework for the one-dimensional modelling of refrigerator components.

• Author(s) : LORBEK L., KITANOVSKI A.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Evaluation of potential use of R1132A as a refrigerant blend component.

• Author(s) : LOW R.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Evaluation of potential use of R1132A as a refrigerant blend component.

• Author(s) : LOW R.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigations of supersonic micro-ejector for cooling system of electronic components.

• Author(s) : SMIERCIEW K., BUTRYMOWICZ D., KARWACKI J., BERGANDER M. J., GAGAN J.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Heat Transfer Enhancement of Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Rectangular Components

• Author(s) : ABDI A.
• Publication date: 2022
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A review of variable refrigerant flow HVAC system components for residential application.

• Author(s) : HERNANDEZ III A. C., FUMO N.
• Publication date: 2020/02
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 110
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Market trends and drivers in new product development of natural refrigerant components.

• Author(s) : FUNDER-KRISTENSEN T., KARAMPOUR M.
• Publication date: 2024/08
• Languages : English
• Source: 16^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2024). Proceedings. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, August 11-14 2024
• Formats : PDF

Ultra-low temperature systems ready for COVID-19 vaccine storage

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, is positioning its ultra-low-temperature (ULT) systems to serve as the refrigeration technology for the storage of COVID-19 vaccines and the freeze-drying of the...

• Publication date : 2020/11/26

A cryogenic distillation column

A high-pressure cryogenic distillation column which replicates a key component of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant has been developed in Australia.

• Publication date : 2018/08/08

MAC: industrialization of the first CO2 compressors

The automotive component manufacturer Sanden confirmed that it was supplying the German car manufacturer Daimler with CO2 compressors for their mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems.

• Publication date : 2017/12/19

R32, a short-term candidate to replace R22 in China?

HFC-32 attracted attention during ICR2011 in Prague: it was the subject of 12 papers. It is the main component of HFC-410A with which it shares similar thermodynamic properties, but at a lower price and with a lower GWP (675).

• Publication date : 2011/12/27

Piezoelectric cooling technologies offer new solutions for thermal management in compact electronics

As electronic devices continue to reduce in size while increasing in power, efficient heat dissipation is becoming a critical challenge. A recent review published on the International Journal of Refrigeration...

• Publication date : 2026/03/10
• Subjects: Technology

The challenges of thermal management of next-generation electronic equipment

With the increasing integration and miniaturization of electronic devices, the heat flows they generate are constantly increasing. Spray cooling has many advantages in this regard. 

• Publication date : 2023/03/27

Charge minimization in hydrocarbon systems

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). It presents the results of the project to minimize charge in a R290 system that has 1-1.5 kW refrigeration capacity. Currently, there are many guidelines...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

Briefs: MAC: what refrigerant will replace HFC-134a?

Following the adoption of the new European Directive 2006/40 on emissions from mobile air-conditioning systems - which bans F-gases with a GWP higher than 150 (such as HFC-134a) as of 2011 for new models of cars and similar Californian...

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

Briefs: solar air-conditioning prototype

As part of the European programme Solera, CEA LITEN researchers recently set up a 4.5-kW solar air-conditioning prototype in the facilities of the INES (French National Institute of Solar Energy) in Chambéry in the French Alps, where the system...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

ICR2007: CO2 in the limelight

Among the 876 papers presented at the IIR International Congress of Refrigeration in Beijing, 82 were on CO2 as a refrigerant or secondary fluid. Many dealt with new components for CO2, the lack of such components being currently still one of the...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

High efficiency, low carbon supermarket refrigeration

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). A new but simple high efficiency refrigeration system design suitable for use in supermarkets has been developed based on standard components so that...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

Magnetic-bearing centrifugal compressors

This new compressor technology - presented at the 2003 AHR Expo in Chicago - may have a significant effect on the future of mid-range chillers and rooftop applications in water-cooled, evaporatively cooled and air-cooled chilled-water and...

• Publication date : 2004/07/27

Refrigerant news: Refrigerant shortage

The refrigeration sector is facing a shortage of R134a, employed as a refrigerant or as a component used in the making of R404A. This is due to several factors: a lack of raw materials, the stopping of production of factories in Asia, low...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Micro-Innovation

Mechanical engineers at Purdue University have created a miniature device that aims to replace conventional evaporators. Cited as a "long-term solution" in technological advances, the use of existing technical know-how for the refrigeration loop...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Development and evaluation of a reversible CO2 residential air conditioning system compared to a state-of-the art R410a unit

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). A reversible CO2 prototype RAC split unit system was designed, built and installed in two calorimetric test chambers. The unit is based on the Lorentzen Cycle...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

New in our Encyclopedia: additive manufacturing for refrigeration equipment

Additive manufacturing makes it possible to optimise the geometry and performance of cooling components such as heat exchangers and regenerators for caloric...

• Publication date : 2022/09/28
• Subjects: Technology

Valuable publications: Refrigeration Fundamentals

Refrigeration Fundamentals: this IIR course deals with refrigeration fundamentals, components of refrigeration plants, the refrigerants and lubricants used, and control systems. It is an attractive and valuable teaching tool that technicians and...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Conference update: Stockholm

The 2nd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 16-17, 2010. The main themes are: design of low-refrigerant charge systems thermodynamics in compact heat exchangers; design...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Conference update: Stockholm

The 2nd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 16-17, 2010. Key themes include: design of low-refrigerant charge systems; thermodynamics in compact heat exchangers; design...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

New IIR publications: Saving Energy in Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and Heat-Pump Technology

The French version of the IIR guide Saving Energy in Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and Heat-Pump Technology will be published in November 2009; the goal of this guide is to provide practical ways of minimizing the energy consumption of...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

New publications: The CD-ROM proceedings of the Vicenza IIR Conferences

The CD-ROM proceedings of the Vicenza IIR Conferences on 1) Commercial Refrigeration and 2) Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants are on sale. They comprise 134 papers. Main topics: 1) display cabinets, energy simulation...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

New publications: Energy Savings

The IIR has published a new version of its guide Saving Energy in Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and Heat-Pump Technology; the goal of this completely revised version prepared by Forbes Pearson and several IIR experts and launched during the Bali...

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

Refrigeration Fundamentals on sale!

The IIR's latest course, Refrigeration Fundamentals - Educational Course, will be available within a few weeks. Refrigeration Fundamentals, by André Pilatte - Delegate of Belgium to the IIR and Professor at the Faculté Polytechnique de Mons -...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Conference reports

Several IIR-co-sponsored events took place at the end of 2010: - The Pôle Cristal Symposium held in Dinan, France, on October 7-8, 2010 attracted 220 attendees. Sixteen papers were presented. - The International Congress...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

ICR2007 in Beijing

The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) holds Congresses every 4 years. They have two objectives: - a scientific objective: apart from the numerous IIR and IIR-co-sponsored conferences (about 50 over a 4-year period), which are focused...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

The 21st European Conference on RACHP technologies is just around the corner

The 21st edition of the European Conference RACHP, co-organised by UNEP, IIR, and Centro Studi Galileo, will take place in Milano on June 12-13, 2025.

• Publication date : 2025/04/23
• Subjects: Technology

IIR events: new IIR working party

A proposal for a new IIR working party will be discussed during the meeting of the Science and Technology Council in August 2007 in Beijing. This working party is to deal with reduction in the refrigerant charge of refrigeration plants through...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

The IIR's mission is to disseminate the outcomes of research on refrigeration technologies and applications. Through its Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FPRD) the European Union regularly funds major research...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

IIR Research Priorities

The IIR decided, within the framework of its Strategic Plan, to draw up a list of research priorities for the future. It hopes that these priorities will be a valuable guiding force for decision-makers in the public and private research sectors,...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

News from IIR members: Danfoss

Danfoss was chosen by Sainsbury’s and Netto to facilitate the conversion of their stores to CO2 as part of their ambition to drastically reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Danfoss has 10 years’ experience in the...

• Publication date : 2011/08/04

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : HFCs

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, Hydrocarbons

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information