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Survival of Campylobacter jejuni on fresh spinach stored at 4°C or 12°C.

• Author(s) : GUEVREMONT E., LAMOUREUX L., WARD P., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/04
• Languages : English
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 50

IIR document

CRYOSURGERY OF TUMOURS OF THE HEAD.

• Author(s) : MATTHAUS W.
• Publication date: 1985/05/20
• Languages : English
• Source: Fundamentals and Applications of Freeze-Drying to Biological Materials, Drugs and Foodstuffs.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CRYOPROBES FOR MEDICAL SURGERY. A NEW BLOOD-LESS SURGERY PROCEDURE.

• Author(s) : JAIN A. P., SAXENA R. B., BABBAR N. K.
• Publication date: 1985/05/20
• Languages : English
• Source: Fundamentals and Applications of Freeze-Drying to Biological Materials, Drugs and Foodstuffs.
• Formats : PDF

Counterfeit refrigerants: DuPont introduces new anti-counterfeit label

DuPont will use the label as part of a new multi-faceted anti-counterfeiting initiative using many technologies

• Publication date : 2012/06/28

Briefs: Thermoacoustics

A project led by the University of Nottingham aims at developing a device acting as a refrigerator, cooker and power generator, using biomass fuels such as wood. The SCORE (Stove for COoking, Refrigeration and Electricity) is based on the use of...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Briefs: Thermoacoustics for air conditioning

The Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), is developing a new form of refrigeration for cooling at room temperature, based on thermoacoustics, which was previously used only for cryogenic temperatures. The technology PARC developed is claimed to...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Interested in a short course on Ice Slurry Technology?

The course will take place in Karlsruhe (Germany) on the 13th and 14th May 2011, and will be taught in English.

• Publication date : 2011/02/18

CO2 training courses in France

Climate change concerns and increasing use of natural refrigerants with low global warming potential (GWP) are driving demand for natural refrigerant training courses.

• Publication date : 2011/12/14

Solar cooling: Developing countries

In order to help Jean-Louis Julliard, a French producer, market local-fish precooked meals in Mali, Lionel Bataille improved existing solar-cooling technology developed by a CNRS laboratory in Perpignan, France. The cooling system used a...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Natural refrigerants in developing countries

Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) is helping developing countries accelerate the phase-out of ozone-depleting refrigerants. It recently published a report comprising over 30 articles from government, industry and academia, and...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Course on fruit and vegetables preservation

The Postharvest and Refrigeration Group of the Technical University of Cartagena (Spain) offers the second International Course on Postharvest Technology and Minimal Processing of Fruit and Vegetables, from 23 to 29 April 2008. The Chair of the...

• Publication date : 2008/02/26

The European Intermodal Research Advisory Council

The European Intermodal Research Advisory Council, set up on May 3, 2005, forms the basis for coordinated intermodal research strategy for Europe. Composed of some 50 key players from large intermodal businesses, intermodal rail and road...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Nano-material could improve adsorption technology

A nano-material could drastically improve adsorption cooling, thanks to its high adsorbing properties. The material, engineered by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNLL), USA, was created using nanoscopic structures, that self-assemble into...

• Publication date : 2011/08/16

Natural refrigerants in emerging countries: GTZ

Within the International Climate Initiative, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) is implementing a project aiming to introduce R290 (propane) room air-conditioning systems in China in order to replace HCFC-22. Endowed...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Natural refrigerants in emerging countries: South Africa

South Africa is facing an energy shortage and a rise in electricity prices. Natural refrigerants, which have important energy saving potential, are now being introduced, especially in supermarkets. Here are 2 examples: . GTZ has offered technical...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Briefs: Solar vaccine fridges for hot countries

Storing vaccines can be difficult in areas with insufficient electric grids, and renewable energies are increasingly being used as a solution. Two companies specializing in renewable energy technologies are to supply vaccine fridges to Nigeria and...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

US: Court strikes down EPA restrictions on HFCs

In August, the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (D.C.) overturned Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) directives to ban certain high GWP HFC refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2017/12/11
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

Europe: renewable cooling could provide close to 100% of cooling demand

A recent study performed by the German Öko-Institut e.V. on behalf of NL Agency of the Netherlands and funded by the Dutch government, claims that at least 50% of the cooling demand in Europe could be covered by renewable energy applications by 2050.

• Publication date : 2012/09/10

IIR website: consult our courses!

The “Services and expertises” section of the IIR website includes a section on courses and training. The courses are among the most downloaded documents in 2022! 

• Publication date : 2023/02/17
• Subjects: General information

New course on magnetic refrigeration!

The IIR has just published a new course entitled “Magnetic refrigeration” on its website, in the “Courses and training” section. 

• Publication date : 2023/06/28

Training and courses: New content available

Since its initial publication, a number of new courses have been added to the IIR refrigeration courses and training repertoire.

• Publication date : 2019/10/21

Focus by Didier Coulomb

As we announced in the latest issue of the Newsletter, this special issue on the environment was prepared jointly with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2007 is a very important year for the future of the global environment and the...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

In the previous issue of the Newsletter, a special issue on the environment, I announced proposals, from the G8 in particular, concerning accelerated phase-out of HCFCs, along with the importance of the UN Conference on the ozone layer in this...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

2006 was an important year for the IIR: the first phase in the updating of the Fridoc database, launching of the e-Bulletin, publication of a course, Refrigeration Fundamentals, the Red Book on frozen foods, a Bibliography on CO2, two Informatory...

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

As with every active institution, and even more so for each body of a scientific and technical vocation, the International Institute of Refrigeration must be present and able to meet the imperatives and challenges arising in the short-, medium-...

• Publication date : 2005/10/06

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

The IIR's mission is to disseminate the outcomes of research on refrigeration technologies and applications. Through its Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FPRD) the European Union regularly funds major research...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

2008 was a milestone year for the IIR: its centenary, celebrated in many countries, provided an opportunity to showcase not only the rich and fascinating history of refrigeration, but also the ever-increasing global challenges and a lively,...

• Publication date : 2009/02/24

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

Since the beginning of the year, the Focus section of the Newsletter has dealt with environmental measures in general and measures addressing HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) in particular that have already been adopted or are foreseen in various...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

For many years, the IIR has been seeking to improve the performances of natural refrigerants in order to address the issues of ozone depletion and global warming. The Gustav Lorentzen Conferences have been consistently highly successful. The...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

In the previous issue of the Newsletter, I wrote about the conclusions I drew following the 2006 United Nations conferences on ozone depletion and climate change. A recently published important element backs up my conclusions: the Proceedings of...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

Besides its scientific and technological commissions, the IIR has set up working parties dealing with specific topics. These working parties have in some cases provided the IIR's actions with greater legitimacy and international recognition in...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

The IIR is introducing changes. It has to change in order to meet the needs of its member countries, corporate and private members and clients. Its services must constantly evolve in line with new information technology as it becomes available....

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

Energy is one of the main strategic challenges of this century, both in terms of the impact of energy consumption on the environment (greenhouse effect) and above all in terms of the risk of shortages with respect to our society's needs (limited...

• Publication date : 2006/11/14

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids