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IIR document

Efficient energy systems for the dry-cured meat industry.

• Author(s) : KVALSVIK K. H.
• Publication date: 2017/05/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Dehumidification, R744, R717, Drying, Curing, Meat product, Heat pump, Energy efficiency, Cost
• Source: 7^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, May 11-13, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Three dimensional modelling of water and salting kinetics in dry-cured ham for improved quality control.

• Author(s) : KVALSVIK K. H., BANTLE M., STAVSET O.
• Publication date: 2016/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Water content, Quality, Drying, Curing, Modelling, Ham
• Source: 4^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Auckland, New Zealand, April 7-9, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A DSC study of the thermal properties of dry-cured ham.

• Author(s) : TOLSTOREBROV I., BANTLE M., EIKEVIK T. M.
• Publication date: 2014/06/23
• Languages : English
• Source: 3^rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: London, UK, June 23-25, 2014
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Influence of binder and curing process on the magnetocaloric properties of bonded LaFeSiH alloys.

• Author(s) : SUN Y., WANG Z., HONG Q., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09/16
• Languages : English
• Source: 8^th International Conference on Caloric Cooling (Thermag VIII). Proceedings: Darmstadt, Germany, September 16-20, 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study on adsorption cooling performance of copper foams curing MIL-101/isobutane double bed system.

• Author(s) : SHAO J., YIN Y., SHEN Q., ZHANG L., CUI Q., WANG H.
• Publication date: 2021/11
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 131
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The influence of temperature modes during salting and resting stages on the mass transfer in dry-cured ham.

• Author(s) : PETROVA I., TOLSTOREBROV I., EIKEVIK T. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Cryotherapy for local recurrent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: experience in 19 patients.

• Author(s) : XU J., LI J., ZHOU X., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/02
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryobiology - vol. 68 - n. 1

IIR document

Influence of climate conditions on the energy consumption of refrigeration systems in the food processing industry.

• Author(s) : BANTLE M., PETROVA I., TOLSTOREBROV I., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Study on thermal comfort for university classrooms in pre-heating season in Xi'an.

• Author(s) : YANG X., LIU J., MENG X., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 5^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Effect of dimethylpolysiloxane liquid on the cryogenic tensile strength and thermal contraction behavior of epoxy resins.

• Author(s) : YI J. W., LEE Y. J., LEE S. B., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/05
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics - vol. 61

Recommended by the IIR

The natural cryoprotectant honey for fertility cryopreservation.

• Author(s) : CHEEPA F. F., LIU H., ZHAO G.
• Publication date: 2022/03
• Languages : English
• Source: Bioengineering - vol. 9 - 3
• Formats : PDF

Chemische Vorgänge beim Pökeln und Räuchern. 1. Pökeln.

Chemical reactions of curing and smoking. 1. Curing.

• Author(s) : JIRA W.
• Publication date: 2004
• Languages : German
• Keywords : Slaughterhouse, Meat, Chilling, Chemical reaction, Ageing (meat), Curing, Meat product, Nitrite, Cold storage, Colour
• Source: Fleischwirtschaft - vol. 84 - n. 5

IIR document

LIGHT CURING OF HERRING FILLETS FOR FREEZING AND FROZEN STORAGE.

• Author(s) : HANSEN P.
• Publication date: 1987/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Brine, Chilling, Brining, Salmon, Curing, Fish, Herring, Freezing
• Source: Development in refrigeration, refrigeration for development. Proceedings of the XVIIth international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

COLOUR STABILITY OF CHILLED VACUUM PACKED CURED MEAT PRODUCTS DURING RETAIL DISPLAY.

• Author(s) : BÖGH-SÖRENSEN L.
• Publication date: 1987/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vacuum, Display cabinet, Chilling, Curing, Meat product, Packaging, Ham, Lighting, Colour
• Source: Development in refrigeration, refrigeration for development. Proceedings of the XVIIth international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

EFFECT OF COOLING AND FREEZING ON SALT UPTAKE BY NORMAL AND PSE SWINE MUSCLES DURING THE CURING.

• Author(s) : SEVERINI M., CENCI G., VIZZANI A.
• Publication date: 1986/09/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Meat, Water holding, Chilling, Curing, Pork, Weight loss, Freezing
• Formats : PDF

Capturing CO2 thanks to refrigeration

Intensive research into capturing the CO2 created in fossil-fuel-based electricity production has been carried out for several years by Alstom. One of the technologies used is post-combustion separation using a solvent (amine or chilled ammonia)....

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

Briefs: Accuracy of temperature-measuring equipment

Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research (FRPERC), University of Bristol (UK) has conducted studies on 3 types of temperature-monitoring equipment. The temperatures were measured between mock (tylose) food packs in 3 retail cabinets....

• Publication date : 2004/07/27

BSRIA Industry Presentation during Interclima

During Interclima, the French exhibition on energy efficiency in buildings which will take place in Paris Nord Villepinte, from November 4-8, 2013, BSRIA will conduct a free Industry Presentation.

• Publication date : 2013/10/22

Spray freeze-drying technique for the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products

Some biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines have a short shelf life and must be handled with care. A recent literature review presents the spray freeze-drying technique as an interesting option for optimising the...

• Publication date : 2020/12/14
• Subjects: Technology

Motor vehicle air-conditioning manufacturing in the U.S

The industry's revenue for the year 2012 was reported at USD 5.9 billion, with an estimated gross profit of 20.85%.

• Publication date : 2013/12/01

Figuring out frozen food growth rates in Europe

According to Swiss research firm Food for Thought (FFT), European frozen food consumption in 2012 (14,456 million tonnes) is up 14% from 2010 (12,663 million in 2010).

• Publication date : 2013/02/26
• Subjects: Figures, economy

The global AC market during the Covid-19 pandemic

Exports and sales declined in most world markets in the first quarter of 2020. As the epicentre of the epidemic shifts, some markets are managing to rebound while others are likely to register a significant...

• Publication date : 2020/08/06
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Household refrigerator and home freezer manufacturing in the US

The industry's revenue for the year 2012 reported at USD 3.5 billion, with 31.47% in estimated gross profit.

• Publication date : 2013/12/04
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Household refrigerator and home freezer manufacturing industry in the US

Industry’s revenue for the year 2012 was reported at USD 3.5 billion, with an estimated gross profit of 31.47%.

• Publication date : 2014/02/25
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Brief: WHO

WHO has donated three walk-in vaccine storage cold rooms worth 1.5 million birr (over 140 000 €) to Ethiopia. Two of the 30 m3 cold rooms were installed in Addis Ababa and the other in Mekele. They will be used to store USD 5 million worth of...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

Heat pump market in Germany

German heat pump association BWP market figures remained in 2013 totaling 60,000 installations, destined mainly for the housing market.

• Publication date : 2014/09/05
• Subjects: Figures, economy

US: Refrigerated warehouses capacity in 2013

Gross refrigerated storage capacity in the United States totalled 4.06 billion cubic feet (115 million m3) in October 2013, an increase of 2% since the previous survey was conducted two years ago.

• Publication date : 2014/12/22
• Subjects: Figures, economy

India Cooling Action Plan

The Environment Ministry India Cooling Action Plan provides measures to address the expected 8-fold increase of the cooling demand until 2037-2038.

• Publication date : 2018/10/18
• Subjects: Environment, General information, Regulation, Figures, economy, Developing country

Efficiency of ground source heat pump systems

Ground source heat pumps (GHSP) have been reported to be more efficient than more widespread air source heat pumps despite higher installation costs. A recent article has reviewed parameters impacting the energy...

• Publication date : 2021/03/29
• Subjects: Technology

Latest progress of the LNG industry in Africa

Africa is expected to increase its share of LNG production by 2050. Emerging infrastructures and gas-specific regulations suggest that the region will become a major LNG hub. 

• Publication date : 2021/04/28
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Developing country

New IIR Working Party on LCCP evaluation: first meeting planned in Delft on June 28, 2012, during the 10th IIR-G. Lorentzen Conference

The IIR is inviting commission, private, and corporate members of the IIR and more generally all experts whose knowledge of the subject will benefit the working party to join it.

• Publication date : 2012/04/27

New in our Encyclopedia: additive manufacturing for refrigeration equipment

Additive manufacturing makes it possible to optimise the geometry and performance of cooling components such as heat exchangers and regenerators for caloric...

• Publication date : 2022/09/28
• Subjects: Technology

REAL Alternatives event during MOP32

A REAL Alternatives side meeting at the international MOP32 (Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol) was organised by the project partner ATF Italy on 25th November 2020.

• Publication date : 2020/11/27

New in our Encyclopedia. Ice cream manufacturing and its environmental impact.

A comprehensive review of the freezing process, market data and environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing. 

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Technology

Paris Agreement adopted during COP21: an accepted common framework for all nations

The Paris Agreement which was adopted during the Conference of Parties (COP21) on climate change is of the utmost importance.

• Publication date : 2015/12/29

Energy efficiency on the agenda for discussion during Montreal Protocol meetings in Vienna

Focus on the fruitful workshop on "the energy efficiency opportunities while phasing down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)", which preceded the 40th meeting of the Open-ended Working Group (OEWG40) of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances...

• Publication date : 2018/08/08

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 25

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 25th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 25), in Madrid (December 2-13, 2019).

• Publication date : 2020/04/20
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 31

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 31st Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-31) in Rome (November 4-8,...

• Publication date : 2020/04/03
• Subjects: Regulation, Developing country, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 21

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris (November...

• Publication date : 2020/03/29
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 28

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-28) in Kigali...

• Publication date : 2020/03/29
• Subjects: Regulation, Developing country, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 27

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 27th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 27) in Charm...

• Publication date : 2022/12/12
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 34

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 34th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-34) in Montréal, Canada (octobre 31 –...

• Publication date : 2022/12/12
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country, Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 26

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 26th Conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 26) in...

• Publication date : 2021/11/15
• Subjects: Environment

Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during MOP 35

Statement Given by the Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 35th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP-35) in Nairobi, Kenya (octobre 23 –...

• Publication date : 2023/11/07

Workshop on Supermarkets during the 5th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain

The workshop had the aim of presenting recent findings by the UK EUED joint project on supermarkets, the SuperSmart project and the HPT Annex44 project.

• Publication date : 2018/04/19

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction