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Détection de fuite : étude sur les moyens de détection de fuite des installations et de réfrigération de climatisation.

Leakage detection: investigation on means of leakage detection in refrigeration and air conditioning facilities.

• Author(s) : Armines, BARRAULT S., FAYOLLE F., PINEL K., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/02
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Expert system, Expérimentation, Detection, Leakage, Refrigerant

IIR document

A VRF charge fault diagnosis method based on expert modification C5.0 decision tree.

• Author(s) : YU F., LI G., CHEN H., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/08
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 92
• Formats : PDF

Modeling and simulation of heat pump systems combined with solar photovoltaics. 

• Author(s) : BUSINENI V. S.
• Publication date: 2019
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Data and knowledge fusion-driven Bayesian networks for interpretable fault diagnosis of HVAC systems.

• Author(s) : WU D., YANG H., XU K., MENG X., YIN S., ZHU C., JIN X.
• Publication date: 2024/05
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 161
• Formats : PDF

Integrated Value Engineering and Life Cycle Cost Modeling for HVAC System Selection.

• Author(s) : AL-GHAMDI M. A., AL-GAHTANI K. S.
• Publication date: 2022/02
• Languages : English
• Source: Sustainability - vol. 14 - n. 4
• Formats : PDF

A comparative analysis of air distribution methods in air conditioning systems.

• Author(s) : GABOR B., MUNCAN V., ANDELKOVIC A., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/12/06
• Languages : English
• Source: 48^th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition.
• Formats : PDF, PowerPoint

Analysis of design solutions for overpressure systems in accordance with EN 12101-6.

• Author(s) : POLICHNOWSKI R.
• Publication date: 2022/02
• Languages : English
• Source: REHVA Journal - vol. 59 - n. 1
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

6^th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants

• Publication date: 2021/09/01
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study on the performance consistency diagnosis of split-type air conditioner based double colour ball matching rule.

• Author(s) : HU L., CHEN H., MIAO Y., CHEN C., LIU Y.
• Publication date: 2025/09
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 177
• Formats : PDF

A probabilistic framework to diagnose faults of air handling units.

• Author(s) : DEY D., DONG B., LI Z.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 4^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

5^th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants.

• Organiser : IIF-IIR
• Publication date: 2017/04
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

Large scale demand response of heat pumps to support the national power system.

• Author(s) : WALFRIDSON T., LINDAHL M., ERICSSON N., BERGENTZ T., WILLIS M., GUSTAFSSON O., STIGNOR C. H.
• Publication date: 2023/05
• Languages : English
• Source: 14^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2023, Chicago, Illinois.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Assessment of key risk factors in the cold chain logistics operations of container carriers using best worst method.

• Author(s) : DING J. F., WENG J. H., CHOU C. C.
• Publication date: 2023/09
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 153
• Formats : PDF

Retrofitting HVAC & R systems: a way forward in greening building.

• Author(s) : MAJUMDAR S. B., CHOUDHURY B. K.
• Publication date: 2018/07/27
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Sustainable and Intelligent HVAC&R Systems, Kolkata, July 27-28 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Refrigerant options now and in the future.

• Publication date: 2016
• Languages : English
• Source: Rev. Danfoss

Experimental Study on Automotive Cooling and Heating Air Conditioning System Using CO2 as a Refrigerant

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). It presents an experimental study on automotive cooling and heating air conditioning systems using CO2 as refrigerant. Recently, as one of the countermeasures...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

France: A study on leak detection systems

A study focuses on two ways to detect refrigerant leaks: gas detectors and expert systems.

• Publication date : 2017/04/19
• Subjects: Regulation

IIR working group releases position paper on contraindications to Whole-Body Cryostimulation (WBC)

A panel of 28 European experts were consulted to generate an international consensus on the updated contraindications to WBC with controlled feedback from the IIR Working Group on Whole-Body Cryostimulation as a...

• Publication date : 2025/04/22
• Subjects: General information

China food chain

Last year, China reported almost 70 billion yuan (USD 8.63 billion) losses in discarded fruit and vegetables. Annual food production is estimated at USD 300 billion but over 20% of food is wasted during transportation due, according to the...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

European seminar on CO2 at the University of Milan

Centro Studi Galileo, collective member of the IIR, will organize on Saturday November 27, 2004, together with the Centre of research for Environmental and Manufacturing Studies of the University of Milan, a European seminar on CO2, with the...

• Publication date : 2004/11/12

IIR 2023 conference in Ohrid: focus on CO2 heat pumps

As demonstrated at the last IIR conference in Ohrid , heat pumps are a potential development area for the use of CO2, in particular for the thermal management of electric vehicles. 

• Publication date : 2023/05/26
• Subjects: Technology

Applications of Artificial Intelligence to refrigeration systems

AI techniques, which are currently very topical, are the subject of intense research and development. Overview of their applications and benefits in the refrigeration sector, based on the latest articles...

• Publication date : 2023/04/26
• Subjects: Technology

Briefs: HFO1234yf: results of SAE investigations

The Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE) International Cooperative Research Program (CRP) presented its findings on the new alternative refrigerant for mobile air-conditioning systems HFO-1234yf. SAE is a global association of 115 000 engineers...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Road to COP28. Achieving sustainable cold chains in low-to-middle-income countries

Successful implementation requires clear government strategy, financial support, close engagement with local communities and users, trainings for efficient use and maintenance, and...

• Publication date : 2023/06/27
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country

Brief: MF 2000: a cooler way to travel

New MF 2000 trains are due to begin service as of 2007 in Paris, beginning with Métro lines 2, 5 and 9. The new model, designed by experts from Alstom. Bombardier and Technicatome, will integrate a new, enhanced cooled ventilation system which...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Road to COP28. Energy efficiency and recovery of refrigerants

“Sustainability must refer to energy efficiency and circularity”, says Dr Laura Fedele, IIR expert. 

• Publication date : 2023/04/26
• Subjects: Technology, General information

Briefs: IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Ozone and Climate

The 8th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 14th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol invited the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Technology and...

• Publication date : 2004/07/27

Briefs: Doubt on the air quality in airplanes

The Committee on Toxicity, an independent group of experts consulted by the British government estimated that 1% of all daily passenger air flights were affected by smoke incidents in the cabin, and airlines acknowledge 0.05%. in the United States...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Must read: new handbook of best practices for room air conditioner installation

The Center for Environmental Energy Engineering (CEEE) at University of Maryland, the Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), Centro Studi Galileo, and the Institute for Governance & Sustainable...

• Publication date : 2025/04/11
• Subjects: Technology

Mobile Air Conditioning: R&D is intensifying

The Mobile Air-Conditioning sector (MAC) is currently in the news. On January 31, 2006, the European Parliament and the Council reached agreement on a Directive (to be transposed at national level) "relating to emissions from air-conditioning...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Working Group on the thermal management systems for electric vehicles

The IIR has decided to set up a working group on this subject. Experts from different countries are invited to join. We need you!

• Publication date : 2024/04/26

Job Opening - Senior Cooling Project Manager

The IIR is seeking a highly experienced and strategic Senior Cooling Project Manager to lead and coordinate international development projects focused on sustainable cooling and refrigeration, emissions...

• Publication date : 2025/10/02

Spotlight on Commission B2: at the forefront of refrigerating equipment

Coordinated by the IIR Science and Technology Council, Commission B2 focuses on promoting knowledge of refrigerating equipment technologies and their applications worldwide.

• Publication date : 2015/05/15

We are hiring a Scientific Translator (EN > ES) – Technical Publications & Refrigeration Content

This consulting role requires a translator with proven experience in scientific and technical content, particularly in the fields of refrigeration, thermal engineering, and energy systems. 

• Publication date : 2025/08/20

Focus on Commission B1 : Leading the way in thermodynamics and transfer processes

The objectives of Commission B1 on Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes are to provide academic and industrial information and data, and to propose any solutions on thermodynamics and transfer processes.

• Publication date : 2016/04/20

INDEE+ at 23rd India International Seafood Show (2023), Kolkata, India

In February 2023, INDEE+ successfully participated to the 23rd India International Seafood Show (2023) in Kolkata. The project was jointly promoted in a technical session and at a dedicated booth.

• Publication date : 2023/03/28

We are hiring a Refrigeration Scientist

The Refrigeration Scientist will be responsible for spearheading the design, coordination, and delivery of the IIR Global Refrigeration Outlook, a high-impact, forward-looking publication that identifies key...

• Publication date : 2025/07/02

IIR Webinar – Domestic hydrocarbon heat pumps, key to a decarbonised future

As the world accelerates towards decarbonisation, heat pumps are emerging as a global solution for cleaner, more efficient residential cooling and heating.

• Publication date : 2025/02/19
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

New president of IIR Commission C2 on food science and engineering

The IIR is proud to announce the appointment of Judith Evans, Professor at London South Bank University, as the new president of IIR Commission C2 on food science and engineering.

• Publication date : 2016/07/06

Add the latest refrigeration publications to your bookshelf!

Check out the latest IIR publications including CO2 as a Refrigerant, Handbook on Indirect Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems and the 1st IIR International Conference of Cryogenics and Refrigeration Technology (ICCRT 2016).

• Publication date : 2016/09/06

1st IIR-UNEP Joint Experts’ Round-Table on Cold Chain Management in Hot Climates

In collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the IIR is proud to announce the 1st IIR-UNEP Joint Experts’ Round-Table on Cold Chain Management in Hot Climates.

• Publication date : 2016/01/20

We are hiring a Data Scientist – Refrigeration and Sustainability Analytics

The IIR is seeking a talented and impact-driven Data Scientist to lead the design, analysis, and visualisation of data-driven insights across the refrigeration sector. This role will play a critical part in...

• Publication date : 2025/07/02

The programme of the IIR conference on Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies is now available

The conference is a leading event in the refrigeration industry and brings together academic and industry experts to discuss the latest advances in refrigeration technology. 

• Publication date : 2023/04/19

Discover the new IIR Science and Technology Council

With 8 newly elected presidents and vice-presidents, 3 reassignments and 5 reappointments, this new Science and Technology Council (STC), mandated from 2015 to 2019, is set to bring forth fresh ideas and novel change.

• Publication date : 2016/02/10

IIR Launches Call for Publication Chair, Lead Authors and Contributors for the Global Refrigeration Outlook

Paris, February 9th, 2026 – The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) announces the launch of a global call for a Publication Chair, Lead Authors, and Contributors for its forthcoming flagship...

• Publication date : 2026/03/04
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : HFCs

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Ice creams

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)