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Numerical study on the vapor flow in the freeze dryer.
N2O-CO2-mixtures as refrigerants for temperatures below -50 °C.
A novel method for freeze-drying rate measurement.
Experimental study on the frost of the cold-trap in vacuum freeze-drying machines.
Freeze-drying of biological materials. [Proceedings of the meetings of the] commission C1: Sapporo, Japan, October 7-10, 1973.
ANALYSIS OF THE CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE DURING THE FREEZE-DRYING PROCESS.
APPAREIL DE RECHERCHE POUR LA LYOPHILISATION ET TRANSFERT DES PLATEAUX.
RESEARCH FREEZE-DRIER EQUIPMENT AND TRANSFERENCE OF TRAYS.
AN APPROACH TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING FREEZE-DRYING.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FREEZE-DRYING TECHNIQUES IN CHINA.
IMPORTANT PROBLEMS ON INDUSTRIAL FREEZE-DRYERS: MAINLY ON THE VAPOUR REMOVING PERFORMANCE AND ITS CONTROL.
REDUCING INVESTMENT AND OPERATING COSTS IN INDUSTRIAL FREEZE-DRYING.
ASPECTS OF THE CONTROL OF FREEZE-DRYER.
A FEW REMARKS ON THE DETERIORATION OF VAPOUR CONDENSER CAPACITY BY ICE LAYER GROWTH.
EFFECT OF SYSTEM PRESSURE ON PRIMARY FREEZE-DRYING IN VIALS.
POLLUTION DES ENCEINTES DE LYOPHILISATION PAR LA RETRODIFFUSION D'HUILE DES GROUPES DE POMPAGE.
POLLUTION OF FREEZE-DRYING ROOMS BY OIL BACK-SCATTERING IN PUMPING UNITS.
IIR news
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New in our Encyclopedia: cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry
This summary document presents the potential applications of liquid cryogens in the pharmaceutical sector.
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
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Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...