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  • Latest news on LNG and bio-LNG infrastructure projects in the pipeline

    At the beginning of 2022, several LNG or bio-LNG projects are underway. 

    • Publication date : 2022/01/28
    • Subjects: Developing country, Technology
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  • LNG in China

    Robust growth in natural gas demand has led China to become the third largest LNG importer.

    • Publication date : 2015/03/31
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  • LNG trade in 2013

    Preliminary figures show that 2013 was, like 2012, a year of stagnation in terms of LNG trade growth.

    • Publication date : 2014/02/06
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  • The LNG sector: outlook

    LNG sales are expected to reach 240.8Mt in 2012, approximately 1Mt less than 2011.

    • Publication date : 2013/12/20
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  • The LNG industry in 2012: key figures

    According to GIIGNL, in 2012, global LNG imports nets of reload reached 236.3 Mt, a 1.9% decrease compared to 2011.

    • Publication date : 2013/10/08
    • Subjects: Figures, economy
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  • The LNG-fuelled fleet continues to grow

    According to the maritime classification and consultancy company DNV, orders for LNG-fuelled ships remained high in 2022, close to the record figure of 2021. The use of LNG as a...

    • Publication date : 2023/02/20
    • Subjects: Figures, economy
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  • Accelerated deployment of LNG import facilities in Europe

    To cope with the drop in natural gas imports from Russia, some 25 new floating storage and regasification units should be installed in the European Union, with the first...

    • Publication date : 2022/09/28
    • Subjects: Figures, economy
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  • LNG ships are gaining traction!

    According to figures collected by DNV, more than 50 orders for LNG-fuelled ships were placed at the world level in April 2022, followed by 30 orders in May. The second quarter of 2022 is therefore already the strongest ever, according to the...

    • Publication date : 2022/07/08
    • Subjects: Figures, economy
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  • Slight increase in global LNG trade in 2020

    Global LNG trade continued to grow in 2020 albeit at a slower pace than the previous year. Meanwhile, orders for LNG-powered vessels have increased significantly.

    • Publication date : 2021/10/22
    • Subjects: Figures, economy
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  • Latest progress of the LNG industry in Africa

    Africa is expected to increase its share of LNG production by 2050. Emerging infrastructures and gas-specific regulations suggest that the region will become a major LNG hub. 

    • Publication date : 2021/04/28
    • Subjects: Developing country, Figures, economy
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  • LNG to be available in Germany by 2015

    Plans for building and operating the two terminals in Hamburg and Bremerhaven, the future hubs of the German coastal LNG supply, have come to maturity.

    • Publication date : 2014/02/23
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  • 2016 global LNG market

    Across the world, LNG exports could reach 257.9 million tonnes in 2016 – almost 25 million more than in 2015.

    • Publication date : 2016/05/19
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  • New record for LNG trade in 2018.

    Synthesis of the main trends and figures related to the LNG industry. Data based on the 2019 IGU World LNG Report presented at the 19th International Conference and Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas, which was co-organised by the IIR and took...

    • Publication date : 2019/04/30
    • Subjects: Figures, economy
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  • The global LNG market slowly recovers in early 2021

    According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global LNG market recovered modestly at the end of 2020, after a downward trend. The LNG market is expected to grow in 2021, albeit at a slow...

    • Publication date : 2021/02/23
    • Subjects: Figures, economy
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  • Inauguration of the largest LNG-powered cruise ship 

    In November 2022, MSC Cruises held a naming ceremony for MSC World Europa, the world’s largest LNG-powered cruise ship and one of the first to incorporate fuel cell...

    • Publication date : 2022/12/15
    • Subjects: Technology
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  • Kigali Amendment status per country

    List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

    • Last update : 2024/11/15
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)
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    Justice hammer and green earth

  • Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

    • Last update : 2023/06/23
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : LNG and LPG
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  • Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

    From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

    • Last update : 2023/06/30
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Ice creams
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  • Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

    This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

    • Last update : 2022/11/17
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)
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  • Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

    This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

    • Last update : 2022/01/20
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)
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  • Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

    Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

    • Last update : 2023/09/15
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : HFCs
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  • For IIR members only

    Global cold storage capacity

    This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

    • Last update : 2021/12/06
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics
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  • Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

    Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

    • Last update : 2023/03/10
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information
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  • Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

    In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

    • Last update : 2022/09/16
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)
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  • Hydrocarbon refrigerants

    Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

    • Last update : 2022/06/22
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction
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  • Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

    The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

    • Last update : 2023/11/07
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO
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  • Nanorefrigerants

    Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English, French
    • Themes : Nanofluids
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO
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  • Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

    In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

    • Last update : 2022/09/07
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers
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See all results in the Encyclopedia of Refrigeration