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IIR document

Low charge packaged ammonia refrigeration systems.

• Author(s) : LAMB R.
• Publication date: 2017/05/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Safety, Design, R717, Low charge, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 7^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, May 11-13, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

Charge equation for low charge hydrocarbon based commercial refrigeration appliances.

• Author(s) : BEEK M. van, GORP T. van, et al.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R600a, Isobutane, Commercial application, R290, Propane, Modelling, Low charge, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Efficient very low charged ammonia systems.

• Author(s) : HRNJAK P.
• Publication date: 2017/05/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Industrial application, Safety, Chiller, R717, Urban environment, Low charge, Development, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 7^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, May 11-13, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

Low charge ammonia systems.

• Author(s) : RAGHAVAN K.
• Publication date: 2017/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, Generality, Safety, Chiller, R717, Ammonia, Low charge
• Source: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, Cold Chain - vol. 8 - n. 1
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Low charge detection method for supermarket refrigeration systems.

• Author(s) : GREEN T., IZADI-ZAMANABADI R., STUBBE E. L. H.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low charge, Supermarket, Detection, Leakage, Maintenance, Case study, Denmark, France, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Medium capacity low charge ammonia chiller and heat pump.

• Author(s) : SALGADO FUENTES V., MARKUSSEN W. B., ROTHUIZEN E. D., KRISTOFERSSON J., MADSEN C., ELMEGAARD B.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low charge, Ammonia, Chiller, Heat pump, Refrigerant charge, Modelling, COP, Cooling, Heating
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

Compact low charge ammonia units for flow-ice, RSW and freezing.

• Author(s) : POTGIETER E. F.
• Publication date: 2017/04/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, Sea transport, Cooling, R717, Fishing, Low charge, Refrigerant charge
• Source: Sustainable management of refrigeration technologies in marine and off-shore fisheries sectors.
• Formats : PDF

Sistema de refrigeración de baja carga de amoniaco en expansión seca aplicado a un túnel de congelados.

Dry expansion refrigeration system with low ammonia charge applied to a freezing tunnel.

• Author(s) : RODRIGUEZ-CRIADO J. C., GARCIA JIMENEZ M. J., RUIZ RUIZ A.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Freezing, Tunnel, Ammonia, R717, Refrigerant charge, Low charge, Compressor, Modelling
• Source: XI Congreso Ibérico y IX Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

EcoPac – High temperature low charge Isobutane heat pump.

• Author(s) : ÖLEN V., GRANRYD E., PALM B., ANDERSSON K., NOWACKI J. E.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Domestic heat pump, Isobutane, COP, Energy efficiency, Low charge, Design, Test rig, Refrigerant charge, R600a
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Low charge ammonia systems designed as direct expansion.

• Author(s) : ELSTROM M.
• Publication date: 2021/09/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ammonia, R717, Evaporator, Low charge, Low GWP, Cold storage, Australia, Case study, Direct expansion
• Source: 9^th IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technologies. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, 16-17 September, 2021
• Formats : PDF

Evaluation of a low charge heat pump circuit using propane.

• Author(s) : DANKWERTH C., METHLER T., BRAUNGARDT S., SONNER C., OLTERSDORF T., MIARA M., SCHOSSIG P., SCHNABEL L.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerant charge, Propane, R290, Heat exchanger, Heat pump, Low charge, Test rig, Simulation
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

The future of low charge NH3 refrigerating plant.

• Author(s) : JENSEN S.
• Publication date: 2021/09/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ammonia, R717, Low charge, Energy efficiency, Cold storage, Review, Refrigerating plant
• Source: 9^th IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technologies. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, 16-17 September, 2021
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Extreme low charge units with ammonia blend R723 applications in practice.

• Author(s) : SVINGÁL J.
• Publication date: 2019/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Chiller, R723, Ammonia, Heat pump, Mixture, Low charge
• Source: 8^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, Avril 11-13, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Low charge ammonia packaged refrigeration systems: achieving ultra-reliable operation.

• Author(s) : HEGG T., LIEBENDORFER K., HAMILTON D., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Generality, R717, Ammonia, Performance, Refrigerating plant, Low charge, Testing, Compressor
• Source: 8^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, Avril 11-13, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Multi-objective optimization of low charge liquid overfeed ammonia evaporators for industrial refrigeration.

• Author(s) : KAERN M. R., MARKUSSEN W. B., KRISTOFERSSON J.
• Publication date: 2019/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Industrial application, Flooded evaporator, Heat transfer, R717, Ammonia, Low charge, Expérimentation, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 8^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, Avril 11-13, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

GL2012 highlights: low-charge propane air-conditioning system using small section copper tubes

Propane air conditioner with smaller copper tubes and a smaller (and thus safer) refrigerant charge.

• Publication date : 2012/09/28

UK: low-charge ammonia frozen food storage

The refrigerant charge on previous ammonia plant which was an estimated 5,000 kg has been reduced to just 188 kg

• Publication date : 2015/06/30

ICCC2016 highlights: low charge ammonia systems for the cold chain

This summary refers to a paper presented during the IIR International Cold Chain Conference (ICCC2016) which took place in New Zealand. This paper can be downloaded from Fridoc database by using the direct link provided at the end of the article.

• Publication date : 2016/08/24

A low charge direct expansion evaporator system configured to use less ammonia

A US-based meat processor operates a cold storage facility that uses just 1 kg approx ammonia per kW.

• Publication date : 2018/05/17

Climate change: moving slowly but surely

During the International meeting on the Montreal Protocol that took place in Geneva in June 2010 (see Newsletter No. 43, July 2010), proposals to phase down HFCs using the tools of the Montreal Protocol were discussed again. They were presented...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Revising A3 refrigerants charge limits to promote wider application

A recent IJR paper examines the validity and form of charge limits for “highly flammable” A3 refrigerants, which constitute low-GWP alternatives to HFCs. Authors propose to eliminate upper charge limits for...

• Publication date : 2020/06/30
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Air conditioning: towards a relaxation of the rules for the use of flammable refrigerants

While the European Commission is paving the way for the use of flammable refrigerants as an alternative for split systems, the current revision of the international standard IEC 60335-2-40 should allow higher...

• Publication date : 2020/10/22
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

US: EPA raises hydrocarbon charge limit for home fridges

New US rules allowing greater charge sizes of hydrocarbon refrigerants in new domestic refrigerators and freezers entered into force on September 7, 2018.

• Publication date : 2018/09/20
• Subjects: Regulation

A sustainable refrigeration solution for the urban delivery market

A US company was awarded for refrigeration units using rechargeable batteries or solar panels to allow for a complete off-engine operation when vehicles are at delivery stops.

• Publication date : 2018/12/27

Charge minimization in hydrocarbon systems

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). It presents the results of the project to minimize charge in a R290 system that has 1-1.5 kW refrigeration capacity. Currently, there are many guidelines...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

Propane air conditioners: improving leakage safety

The latest research and developments in leakage safety of R290 air conditioners are presented in several articles recently published in the IJR. 

• Publication date : 2023/02/20
• Subjects: Technology, HFCs alternatives

Record: heat pump less than 10 g of propane per kW

German researchers have developed a refrigeration circuit integrating a propane heat pump that achieves a heating power of 12.8 kW with only 124 g of refrigerant. 

• Publication date : 2022/10/27

Ultracold polar molecules

Scientists at JILA, a joint institute of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado at Boulder (CU-Boulder), have applied their expertise in ultracold atoms and lasers to produce the first high-density...

• Publication date : 2008/10/22

Briefs: Ionic Wind to Cool PCs

Kronos Advanced Technologies are developing a cooling process for personal computers based on an ionic wind pump. Ionic air propulsion is based on a principle called the corona discharge, an electrical discharge characterized by a corona, i.e. a...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

ICR 2019: an overview of current refrigeration research (part I)

Presentation of the main scientific and technical topics covered in the papers of the 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration and summary of some of the 14 keynotes.

• Publication date : 2019/09/30
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

IIR member news: Star Refrigeration

The UK company Star Refrigeration has announced the launch of a new subsidiary, Azane Inc., to manufacture and supply their “low-charge ammonia” Azane technology in the US.

• Publication date : 2014/05/25

IIR Working Party on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems: Join Us!

Suitable design of refrigerating systems has several benefits in terms of limitation of the environmental impact thanks to a reduction in the energy consumption and the limitation of refrigerant emissions. The direct greenhouse effect accounts for...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Conference update: Stockholm

The 2nd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 16-17, 2010. The main themes are: design of low-refrigerant charge systems thermodynamics in compact heat exchangers; design...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Conference update: Stockholm

The 2nd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 16-17, 2010. Key themes include: design of low-refrigerant charge systems; thermodynamics in compact heat exchangers; design...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Conference update: Sydney

The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia, on April 12-14, 2010. The call for papers and first announcement are now available:

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Conference update: Ohrid

The 3rd IIR event in a series, Ammonia Refrigeration Technology was held on May 7-9, 2009, in Ohrid, Macedonia. With 95 participants from 24 countries and 32 papers presented, the event was very successful. A key focus of this series of...

• Publication date : 2009/05/27

News from IIR members: MYCOM Mayekawa

The Japanese compressor manufacturer MYCOM Mayekawa will be introducing its high-efficiency NH3/CO2 cooling system NewTon3000 within the context of the Garden City Ammonia Program (GCAP). GCAP is actively promoting CO2 emissions reduction and...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Past events: The IIR around the world, october 2022

A look back at the latest events in which the IIR participated.

• Publication date : 2022/10/27

The International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR)

The IJR is the most important scientific journal in the field of refrigeration technology. It is a co-publication of Elsevier and the IIR. Eight issues are published each year, with over 15 articles per issue. Certain issues are totally or...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

1st IIR International Cold and Sustainability Conference

The 1st IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain held in Cambridge, UK, on March 29-31, 2010 attracted over 150 participants from 22 countries. Academia, public and corporate research centres, public agencies and administrations, and...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Heat pumps, the central theme of the recent IIR Congress

An overview of the research carried out in the field of heat pumps, with the aim of achieving greater flexibility and increased energy efficiency, in particular through to the use of thermal energy...

• Publication date : 2023/10/24

Activities of the IIR’s Commission B2 on Refrigerating Equipment

The IIR’s Commission B2, which includes 70 experts from 25 IIR member countries on all continents, is extremely active and participates in many IIR activities aimed at promoting knowledge of refrigeration technologies and their applications...

• Publication date : 2014/11/20

IIR Member news: Star Refrigeration installs ammonia chillers in an indoor skiing facility

After 90 years of existence, indoor skiing now uses modern and energy efficient technologies. Star Refrigeration participates in this evolution with its ammonia chillers.

• Publication date : 2018/12/27

Spotlight on Commission B2: at the forefront of refrigerating equipment

Coordinated by the IIR Science and Technology Council, Commission B2 focuses on promoting knowledge of refrigerating equipment technologies and their applications worldwide.

• Publication date : 2015/05/15

Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies conference papers now available to download

Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies conference papers now available to download

• Publication date : 2019/06/20

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)