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Produção de cerveja utilizando cevada e maltose de milho comoadjunto de malte: análises físico-química, sensorial e isotópica.
Beer production using barley and corn maltose as malt adjuncts: physicochemical, sensory and isotopic analyses.
IIR document
Application of refrigeration in malt production.
OPTIMISATION AVEC CALCUL DU COP EN PERMANENCE GRACE AU PANDORE, D'UNE POMPE A CHALEUR A 3 ETAGES, DE 6.000 KILOWATT THERMIQUES POUR LE SECHAGE DE MALT.
MALT DRYING PLANT CONTROL BY CONTINUOUS COP CALCULATION OF A 6,000 KILOWATT 3-STAGE HEAT PUMP, USING A PANDORE MICROCOMPUTER.
Estimation of safe storage periods for malting barley using a model of heat production based on respiration experiments.
Optimización del ratio potencia total consumida en planta frigorífico con relación a la unidad de producto elaborado/tonelada de Malta, hectolitro de cerveza, etc.
Optimizing the energy consumption in refrigeration plants related to malt, beer, etc. production units.
Survival of bacterial populations in finished beers and malt drinks of Nigeria at different storage temperatures and pH levels.
Evaluation of design features to achieve higher energy efficiency for a modern office building in Malta.
Renewable energy contribution of air-conditioning heat pumps for the domestic sector in Malta.
LE SYSTEME DE POMPE A CHALEUR DE LA MALTERIE MAUCLAIRE.
THE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM AT THE MAUCLAIRE MALT HOUSE.
Absorptionskältemaschinen in der Praxis: Kälte aus Wärme.
Refrigeration absorption machines in practice: cold obtained using heat.
Arrêté du 17 juin 2005 relatif aux prescriptions générales applicables aux installations classées soumises à déclaration sous la rubrique no 2220. Préparation ou conservation de produits alimentaires d'origine végétale par cuisson, appertisation, surgélation, congélation, lyophilisation, déshydratation, torréfaction, etc., à l'exclusion du sucre, de la fécule, du malt, des huiles et des aliments pour le bétail mais y compris les ateliers de maturation de fruits et légumes.
Decree dated June 17, 2005 concerning general conditions applicable to registered plants in conformity under section No. 2220. Preparation or preservation of foodstuffs of vegetable origin by cooking, sterilization, quick freezing, freezing, freeze drying, dehydration, roasting, etc., with the exception of sugar, starch, malt, oils and livestock feed, including ripening plants used for fruits and vegetables.
Industrial Refrigeration Consensus 2004: environment, application, design. Summary of the Workshop.
Handbook on Ice Slurries: Fundamentals and Engineering.
A HEAT PUMP FOR BATCH DISTILLATION.
THE OPTIMIZATION OF MULTISTAGE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
423 results
European Commission warns Italy and Malta on F-gas issues
The EC warned Italy and Malta that they could face legal action if they fail to comply with the F-gas regulation.
Briefs: Is air conditioning good for health?
Air conditioning (AC) could blunt the ill effects of air pollution, according to a recent study by Bell et al. from Yale University, published in Epidemiology in September 2009. The study investigated the short-term effects of particulate matter...
The first LNG freight locomotive in the Baltics
An Estonian company is testing the first LNG-powered locomotive in the Baltic countries. Significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are expected.
Markets: Reduced cooling and heating might improve health
Results of a study performed by Berkeley Lab. - a US Department of Energy national laboratory - suggest that operating buildings in ways designed to save energy - with indoor temperatures slightly cooler in winter and warmer in summer - does more...
Healthcare cold chain logistic services market: huge growth expected
Research and Markets has published a report entitled "Global Healthcare Cold Chain Logistics Market Report & Forecast (2011-2016). The report emphasizes that strong growth in the sales of temperature-sensitive healthcare products is...
The French Health Protection Agency (InVS) warns against Legionella outbreaks
In an official statement dated July 2004, the French Health Protection Agency called for vigilance with regards to the risk of Legionella outbreaks during summer 2004. In 2003, 1044 legionella cases were recorded in France and 129 patients died....
Global healthcare cold chain logistics market
The healthcare cold chain logistic services market to expand from current figure of USD 7.3 billion to nearly USD 11.4 billion by 2018.
Solar energy improves medical healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa
UNDP develops the Solar for Health project in Zambia and Zimbabwe. More than 400 healthcare centres are now equipped with solar panels and the health products' cold chain is preserved.
Probiotic ice cream to boost oral health for children
A recent Indian study, which was published in the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, used ice cream to test the effectiveness of probiotic bacteria on oral health.
Cool bedrooms are healthier
A recent study published in Diabetes, June 2014 issue, shows that cooler bedrooms could enhance the production of « brown fat »
Chilled beam for health care rooms
The benefits of implementing active chilled beams include downsized ductwork/equipment, energy reductions of up to 50% in some cases, decreased maintenance, optimal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ)
Indoor air pollution as a health risk
On September 7, industry associations issued an urgent statement to European Union institutions to highlight the importance of indoor air quality in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Renewable energy in Eastern and Southern Africa: A lever for the healthcare cold chain
Accounting for about one-fifth of Sub-Saharan Africa’s electricity mix, renewable energy powers equipment and facilities which are crucial for health facilities, such as...
Cuba: The health cold chain contributes to life saving vaccination
Since 2021, Cuba has renewed its cold chain equipment at around 70 percent of its vaccination sites and acquired a cold storage chamber.
Advances in Phase Change Materials boost efficiency of food and health cold chains
A recent article published in the International Journal of Refrigeration reviews PCMs in laboratory and commercial cold chain applications along with possible solutions to mitigate their...
IIR news
179 results
Healthcare ColDays 2022: innovations in refrigeration and health
The French Association of Refrigeration (Association Française du Froid) is organising a day dedicated to the latest technical and scientific developments in the field of refrigeration and health on 26 April...
Healthcare drones: Countless advantages for a healthier society
With the objective of making it possible for those who require urgent healthcare supplies delivered as often and as regularly as necessary, various companies are now pushing the possibilities of exploiting drones to deliver healthcare supplies...
Discover the 30th Informatory Note on Heat-Sensitive Health Products
In this Informatory Note, the IIR has defined the issues and challenges that need to be addressed in order to ensure that reliable cold chains, along the distribution chain of products essential to public health, are put in place.
Commission C1: At the forefront of Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products
The commission has clearly defined objectives in cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products research; knowledge dissemination; technology transfer and education.
The “Projects on clean and efficient refrigeration solutions for food and healthcare sectors in developing countries” workshop at ICCC 2022
An IIR workshop which has gathered the current projects in developing countries that will help to raise awareness among the industry, farmers, policymakers, and consumers… on the importance of adopting a...
Sign-up to workshop at ICCC 2022: Clean and efficient refrigeration solutions for food and healthcare
Join the free online workshop on April 13 which will present the ongoing projects in developing countries that will help promote the adoption of climate-friendly refrigeration technologies.
IIR WRD 2025 Press Release : Countries urged to establish national refrigeration committees to tackle food, health, animals and climate challenges
Drawing on the outcomes of the WRD 2025 high-level event held on 18 June, the IIR calls for coordinated national action towards sustainable, equitable refrigeration.
World Science Day: IIR reaffirms the role of refrigeration for sustainable development
This 10 November 2025, IIR joins in the celebration of World Science Day, aligning with this year’s theme of “the science we need for 2050” by highlighting the importance of refrigeration for economic...
MOP37 Highlights
The 37th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP37) were held in Nairobi, Kenya from 1 November to 7 November 2025.
New EU funded project began on October 1st, 2021: “SophiA - Sustainable off-grid solutions for pharmacies and hospitals in Africa”
With a budget of 8 million euros over four years, SophiA will develop containerized solutions for hospitals using natural refrigerants, solar thermal and photovoltaics to enable more and more African people to...
The Cold Chain: A logistical challenge at the heart of the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine
Gérald Cavalier - President of the Science and Technology Council of the International Institute of Refrigeration, President of the French Association of Refrigeration, President of the Cemafroid...
The essential role of refrigeration in the combat against COVID-19
Statement of the International Institute of Refrigeration calling governments to consider refrigeration-related services as “essential services” in the context of the current health crisis due to COVID-19.
Download the latest technical papers from the IIR Cryogenics Conference
Held on 8-11 April this year, the 15th IIR Cryogenics Conference welcomed over 120 guests from more than 22 countries.
World Cold Chain Symposium 2025 highlights institutional collaboration and investment innovation
Nairobi, Kenya - 1 November 2025. The World Cold Chain Symposium (WCCS) convened global experts, industry leaders, and policymakers at the UNEP Headquarters in Nairobi, ahead of the 37th Meeting of the Parties...
Participation of the IIR in the 31st Meeting of the Parties (MOP 31)
The 31st Meeting of the Parties (MOP 31) took place on November 4-8, 2019 in Italy at FAO headquarters. The Rome declaration on the reduction of food losses was signed.
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
14 results
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Kigali Amendment status per country
List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Events
6 results
IIR event
Webinar – Refrigerated Transport in Hot Climates: Challenges and Innovations
December 09, 2025
France
Objective: To share key insights from the UNEP/IIR Cold Chain Technology Brief: Road Refrigerated Transport in Hot Climates, foster dialogue between experts, industry, and policymakers, and promote sustainable...
Find out more
11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting
June 07, 2026 - June 11, 2026
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Submit your abstract now! The 11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting (Thermag 2026), to be...
15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
September 16, 2026 - September 18, 2026
Xi'an, China
Call for abstracts is open! The 15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration...
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
Other event
21st International Conference & Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG2026)
February 02, 2026 - February 05, 2026
Doha, Qatar
Register...
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
